1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Rubin's vase, which can be seen as a vase or as two faces, illustrates:
- AFigure–ground organisation
- BThe law of closure
- CRetinal disparity
- DSize constancy
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Gick and Holyoak gave participants a story about an army attacking a fortress from many sides, then Duncker's radiation problem. What did they find?
- ANobody could solve the radiation problem, even with a hint
- BAlmost everyone used the analogy without needing any hint
- CThe story made the radiation problem harder to solve
- DFew used the analogy until told the story might help
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In Vygotsky's theory, an older sibling who helps a child learn to tie shoelaces is acting as:
- AAn imaginary audience
- BA formal operational thinker
- CA more knowledgeable other
- DA primary attachment figure
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith gave the Sally–Anne task to autistic children, children with Down syndrome and typical children. Most autistic children failed, while most children with Down syndrome passed. Why was the Down syndrome group important?
- AIt showed autistic children have poor eyesight
- BIt showed the task is too hard for anyone under 10
- CIt showed that all three groups have exactly the same theory of mind
- DIt showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
5.Social psychologyMedium
Burger's 2009 partial replication of Milgram stopped at 150 volts for ethical reasons. What did it find?
- AAlmost nobody obeyed in a modern sample
- BWomen nearly always refused to continue
- CObedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
- DObedience was far higher than in Milgram's study
6.Social psychologyHard
In Walster's "computer dance" study, students were randomly paired. What best predicted whether they wanted to see their date again?
- ASimilarity in attractiveness, as the matching hypothesis predicts
- BSimilarity in intelligence
- CThe date's physical attractiveness, regardless of their own
- DSimilarity in personality test scores
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which pattern defines bipolar II disorder?
- AMajor depressive episodes only, with no elevated mood
- BNumerous mild mood swings over at least two years without full mood episodes
- CAt least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
- DAt least one full manic episode with psychotic features
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Learned helplessness (Seligman) was proposed as a model for:
- ASpecific phobias
- BDepression
- CAutism spectrum disorder
- DSchizophrenia
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Figure–ground organisation
Why this is the answer
Perception separates a scene into a figure and a background. In ambiguous figures like Rubin's vase, the two interpretations alternate.
Answer
A · Figure–ground organisation
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
Why this is the answer
Analogical transfer often fails because people do not notice the deep structural similarity between problems with different surface features. A hint greatly increased transfer.
Answer
D · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · A more knowledgeable other
Why this is the answer
The more knowledgeable other is a person with more skill who guides the learner within the zone of proximal development. It can be a parent, teacher or peer.
Answer
C · A more knowledgeable other
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · It showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
Why this is the answer
Because the Down syndrome group passed despite lower verbal mental age, the autistic group's failure pointed to a specific difficulty with theory of mind.
Answer
D · It showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
Why this is the answer
Most participants who continue past 150 volts tend to go to the end, so Burger used it as a safe cut-off. Obedience at that point was only slightly lower than Milgram's.
Answer
C · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · The date's physical attractiveness, regardless of their own
Why this is the answer
Physical attractiveness of the partner predicted liking for everyone, which did not support the matching hypothesis. Later studies of real couples found more matching.
Answer
C · The date's physical attractiveness, regardless of their own
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · At least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
Why this is the answer
Bipolar II requires hypomanic and major depressive episodes but no manic episode. A single manic episode leads to a bipolar I diagnosis.
Answer
C · At least one hypomanic episode and at least one major depressive episode
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Depression
Why this is the answer
After uncontrollable aversive events, animals and people may stop trying even when escape becomes possible, resembling the passivity and hopelessness of depression.
Answer
B · Depression
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