Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Two groups study a text. One rereads it; the other takes practice quizzes on it. A week later, the quiz group remembers more. This shows:
A patient with damage to primary visual cortex says he sees nothing in part of his visual field, yet points to objects there well above chance. This is called:
Baumrind's authoritative parenting style combines:
Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith gave the Sally–Anne task to autistic children, children with Down syndrome and typical children. Most autistic children failed, while most children with Down syndrome passed. Why was the Down syndrome group important?
A smoker who knows smoking is harmful tells himself "the research isn't really conclusive". In dissonance terms, he is reducing dissonance by:
Reactance theory predicts that when people feel their freedom is threatened by a persuasive message, they will:
In the two-factor model of phobias (Mowrer), how is a phobia maintained?
A therapist says: "Rather than fighting the thought 'I'm a failure', notice it as just a thought, and act on what matters to you." Which therapy does this best represent?
Answer: B · The testing effect
The testing effect (retrieval practice) shows that actively recalling material produces better long-term retention than passively restudying it.
Answer: C · Blindsight
Blindsight shows that some visual processing can guide behaviour without conscious awareness, probably through pathways that bypass primary visual cortex.
Answer: A · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
Authoritative parents are responsive and set firm, reasoned limits; this style is associated with good social and academic outcomes in many studies.
Answer: C · It showed the failure was not simply due to low general mental age
Because the Down syndrome group passed despite lower verbal mental age, the autistic group's failure pointed to a specific difficulty with theory of mind.
Answer: B · Changing one of the conflicting cognitions
Dissonance can be reduced by changing behaviour, changing a belief or adding new justifying beliefs. Doubting the evidence changes a belief.
Answer: B · Be motivated to do the opposite of what is urged
Psychological reactance (Brehm) is the motivation to restore threatened freedom, often by resisting or doing the forbidden behaviour.
Answer: D · Avoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance
Fear is acquired through classical conditioning and maintained because avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety, negatively reinforcing avoidance.
Answer: A · Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
ACT (Hayes) uses acceptance, cognitive defusion and values-based action. Unlike traditional cognitive therapy, it does not try to dispute the content of thoughts.
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