Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Encoding specificity means that recall is best when:
Warren replaced one speech sound in a sentence with a cough. Listeners reported hearing the sentence intact and could not locate the cough correctly. This is evidence for:
The Sally–Anne task is used to test whether a child has:
Harlow's monkeys raised in isolation with only surrogate mothers later showed which outcome?
Aronson and Mills found that women who went through an embarrassing initiation to join a dull discussion group rated it more positively than those with a mild initiation. This is:
After choosing between two similarly rated household appliances, participants rated the chosen one higher and the rejected one lower than before. This is called:
Validity scales on the MMPI are designed to detect:
Why did DSM-5 replace "substance abuse" and "substance dependence" with a single "substance use disorder"?
Answer: A · The context at retrieval matches the context at learning
Godden and Baddeley showed that recall is better when learning and recall contexts match, because cues present at encoding help retrieval.
Answer: A · Top-down influences in speech perception
Listeners "fill in" the missing phoneme using knowledge of words and context, showing that expectations shape what we hear.
Answer: D · Theory of mind
Passing the false-belief task shows the child understands others can hold beliefs that differ from reality, usually around age 4.
Answer: D · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
Monkeys reared without real mothers or peers often became socially withdrawn or aggressive and were poor mothers, suggesting a sensitive period for social contact.
Answer: A · Effort justification
Effort justification is a form of dissonance reduction: people come to value something more when they have suffered or worked hard to get it.
Answer: C · Spreading of alternatives after a decision
Post-decision dissonance is reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen option and lowering that of the rejected one.
Answer: B · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
Validity scales flag random responding, faking bad or faking good, so clinicians know whether the clinical scale profile can be interpreted.
Answer: A · The two categories were found to reflect one dimension better described by severity levels
Research suggested that abuse and dependence criteria form a single continuum. DSM-5 merged them into one disorder rated by the number of criteria met.
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