Introduction to Psychology: cram pack

Repeating "the, the, the" aloud while learning a word list impairs recall because it:

1. AOverloads the visuospatial sketchpad
2. BErases information already in long-term memory
3. CPrevents the eyes from reading the words
4. DBlocks rehearsal in the phonological loop

Choosing the first flat that meets your minimum requirements, rather than comparing every flat available, is what Herbert Simon called:

1. ASatisficing
2. BMeans–end analysis
3. CAnchoring
4. DMaximising

A 9-month-old finds a toy hidden under cloth A several times. The toy is then hidden under cloth B in full view, but the infant searches under A again. This is:

1. AAnimism
2. BCentration
3. CThe A-not-B error
4. DConservation failure

Turiel found that young children say hitting is wrong even if a teacher allows it, but wearing pyjamas to school is fine if the teacher allows it. This suggests children:

1. AHave no understanding of rules before age 7
2. BJudge all rules only by adult authority
3. CThink that clothing rules are more serious than hitting
4. DDistinguish moral rules from social conventions early

According to equity theory, who is likely to feel uncomfortable in a relationship?

1. AOnly the partner who gives more than they get back
2. BOnly the partner who has fewer alternatives available
3. CBoth the over-benefited and the under-benefited partner
4. DNeither partner, as long as the total rewards remain high

In Milgram's study, the shock level rose in small 15-volt steps. Why might this gradual increase have raised obedience?

1. AParticipants did not notice that the voltage was changing at all
2. BSmall steps meant the shocks felt exactly the same to the learner each time
3. CEach small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
4. DIt reduced the pressure coming from the experimenter's instructions

Behavioural activation treats depression mainly by:

1. APrescribing a period of complete rest
2. BExploring childhood conflicts in detail
3. CExposing the person to feared bodily sensations in a graded way
4. DIncreasing engagement in rewarding and valued activities

Which statement about the placebo effect in antidepressant trials is most accurate?

1. APlacebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
2. BPlacebos work only in physical illnesses
3. CPlacebo response is so strong that antidepressants have never shown any benefit over it in trials
4. DPlacebo effects never occur in depression