1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
"All mammals breathe air. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales breathe air." This is an example of:
- AInductive reasoning
- BAnalogical reasoning
- CThe availability heuristic
- DDeductive reasoning
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Evidence that short-term and long-term memory are separate stores comes from patients who:
- AHave impaired long-term learning but normal digit span, and others with the opposite pattern
- BShow the same recall for all list positions
- CRemember everything equally well
- DLose all memories after a mild headache
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Someone argues that Heinz should steal the drug because the right to life is more important than any property law. This reasoning is:
- APost-conventional
- BPre-conventional
- CHeteronomous
- DConventional
4.Developmental psychologyHard
A child is shown a Smarties tube, guesses it contains sweets, and finds pencils. Asked what a friend who has not looked will think is inside, a typical 3-year-old says "pencils". This shows:
- AAn advanced theory of mind
- BA failure to conserve quantity
- CA lack of object permanence
- DDifficulty understanding false beliefs
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
- ANoticing that something is happening
- BDeciding whether the costs are worth it
- CInterpreting the event as an emergency
- DKnowing how to give the right help
6.Social psychologyHard
The stereotype content model places groups on two dimensions. Elderly people are often seen as warm but low in competence. Which emotion does the model predict they receive?
- AAdmiration
- BContempt
- CPity
- DEnvy
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
According to the duty established in the Tarasoff case in California, a therapist may need to:
- ARefuse to treat clients with a history of violence
- BReport every client who expresses anger
- CKeep all information confidential under every circumstance, whatever the risk to others
- DTake steps to protect an identifiable person whom a client seriously threatens
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A soldier develops PTSD while most comrades exposed to the same battle do not. Which model best explains this difference?
- AThe token economy model
- BThe diathesis–stress model
- CThe medical model of infection
- DThe statistical infrequency model
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Deductive reasoning
Why this is the answer
In deductive reasoning a valid conclusion must be true if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning generalises from examples and gives only probable conclusions.
Answer
D · Deductive reasoning
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Have impaired long-term learning but normal digit span, and others with the opposite pattern
Why this is the answer
H.M. had normal short-term memory but could not form new long-term memories, while patient K.F. had poor short-term verbal memory but intact long-term learning: a double dissociation.
Answer
A · Have impaired long-term learning but normal digit span, and others with the opposite pattern
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Post-conventional
Why this is the answer
Post-conventional reasoning bases morality on social contracts and universal ethical principles, which can justify breaking a law that conflicts with them.
Answer
A · Post-conventional
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
Why this is the answer
Like the Sally–Anne task, the Smarties task tests false-belief understanding. Most 3-year-olds fail, while most 4–5-year-olds pass.
Answer
D · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Interpreting the event as an emergency
Why this is the answer
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer
C · Interpreting the event as an emergency
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · Pity
Why this is the answer
Fiske and colleagues proposed that warmth and competence combine into emotions: warm and competent gives admiration; warm and incompetent gives pity; cold and competent gives envy; cold and incompetent gives contempt.
Answer
C · Pity
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Take steps to protect an identifiable person whom a client seriously threatens
Why this is the answer
The Tarasoff rulings held that when a client poses a serious danger of violence to an identifiable victim, the therapist has a duty to take reasonable steps to protect that person.
Answer
D · Take steps to protect an identifiable person whom a client seriously threatens
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · The diathesis–stress model
Why this is the answer
The diathesis–stress model holds that a stressor causes disorder mainly in people with pre-existing vulnerabilities, such as genetic risk, prior trauma or poor social support.
Answer
B · The diathesis–stress model
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