1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Which working memory component is most heavily used when you switch between two tasks and decide what to focus on?
- AThe central executive
- BThe visuospatial sketchpad
- CIconic memory
- DThe phonological loop
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
The "tip-of-the-tongue" state is evidence that:
- AInformation can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
- BMemories decay within seconds
- CLanguage is stored only in short-term memory
- DThe information was never encoded
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In Vygotsky's theory, an older sibling who helps a child learn to tie shoelaces is acting as:
- AAn imaginary audience
- BA primary attachment figure
- CA more knowledgeable other
- DA formal operational thinker
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Hodges and Tizard followed children raised in institutions until after age 2, some later adopted and some returned to their birth families. At age 16, a common finding across both groups was:
- AExceptionally high academic achievement
- BNo differences at all from family-reared children
- CComplete failure to form any family attachments
- DDifficulties in peer relationships
5.Social psychologyMedium
Research comparing American and Indian participants found that the fundamental attribution error was:
- AExactly the same in both cultures
- BAbsent in American participants
- CStronger among Indians, who live in a more collectivist culture
- DStronger among Americans, who live in a more individualist culture
6.Social psychologyHard
Social identity theory (Tajfel and Turner) explains in-group favouritism mainly by:
- ACompetition for limited resources only
- BGenetic similarity between group members, which favours helping relatives
- CPeople's need to maintain positive self-esteem through group membership
- DFear of punishment from the group leader
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Validity scales on the MMPI are designed to detect:
- ABrain damage
- BWhich therapy will work best
- CThe client's intelligence level
- DInconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A chronic heavy drinker develops confusion, an unsteady gait and abnormal eye movements. Which deficiency must be treated urgently?
- AThiamine (vitamin B1)
- BVitamin D
- CVitamin C
- DIron
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · The central executive
Why this is the answer
The central executive controls attention, coordinates the subsystems and handles task switching and planning. It has very limited capacity.
Answer
A · The central executive
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Information can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
Why this is the answer
Partial access to a word's features shows that the item is in memory but retrieval fails for the moment, supporting retrieval failure as a cause of forgetting.
Answer
A · Information can be stored but temporarily not retrievable
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · A more knowledgeable other
Why this is the answer
The more knowledgeable other is a person with more skill who guides the learner within the zone of proximal development. It can be a parent, teacher or peer.
Answer
C · A more knowledgeable other
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Difficulties in peer relationships
Why this is the answer
Adopted children often formed close bonds with adoptive parents, but both groups showed more problems with peers, suggesting lasting effects of early institutional care.
Answer
D · Difficulties in peer relationships
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Stronger among Americans, who live in a more individualist culture
Why this is the answer
Miller found that people from collectivist cultures more often mention situational and social factors, so the bias is partly shaped by culture.
Answer
D · Stronger among Americans, who live in a more individualist culture
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · People's need to maintain positive self-esteem through group membership
Why this is the answer
People derive self-esteem from the groups they belong to, so they compare their groups favourably with out-groups, even without real conflict.
Answer
C · People's need to maintain positive self-esteem through group membership
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
Why this is the answer
Validity scales flag random responding, faking bad or faking good, so clinicians know whether the clinical scale profile can be interpreted.
Answer
D · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Why this is the answer
Wernicke's encephalopathy results from thiamine deficiency and presents with confusion, ataxia and eye signs. Untreated, it can progress to Korsakoff syndrome with severe amnesia and confabulation.
Answer
A · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
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