1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
"All mammals breathe air. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales breathe air." This is an example of:
- AInductive reasoning
- BAnalogical reasoning
- CDeductive reasoning
- DThe availability heuristic
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Clive Wearing developed severe amnesia after a brain infection and cannot remember events from moment to moment, yet he can still play the piano and conduct music. This shows that:
- AEpisodic memory is needed to perform any skill
- BAll long-term memory depends on a single system
- CMusical skills are stored in short-term memory
- DProcedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In the Strange Situation, an infant shows little distress when the mother leaves and ignores or turns away from her when she returns. This infant is classed as:
- AInsecure-resistant
- BSecurely attached
- CDisorganised
- DInsecure-avoidant
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Tronick's "still-face" procedure, a mother suddenly stops responding and keeps a neutral face. Infants typically react by:
- ATrying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
- BIgnoring the change and carrying on playing as before
- CTurning to the experimenter instead and staying calm throughout
- DSmiling and babbling much more than before the change
5.Social psychologyMedium
Which factor reduced obedience most in Milgram's variations?
- AHaving the experimenter wear a lab coat
- BIncreasing the shock levels shown on the machine
- CMoving the study to a prestigious university
- DThe experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Social psychologyHard
In Milgram's study, the shock level rose in small 15-volt steps. Why might this gradual increase have raised obedience?
- AEach small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
- BIt reduced the pressure coming from the experimenter's instructions
- CSmall steps meant the shocks felt exactly the same to the learner each time
- DParticipants did not notice that the voltage was changing at all
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
The diathesis–stress model proposes that mental disorders arise from:
- AGenes alone
- BPoor parenting alone
- CAn underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
- DStress alone
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A client's binge eating occurs at least once a week for three months, with loss of control and distress, but no vomiting, laxatives or excessive exercise. Which diagnosis fits?
- ABinge-eating disorder
- BAnorexia nervosa, binge-purge type
- CBulimia nervosa
- DAvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Deductive reasoning
Why this is the answer
In deductive reasoning a valid conclusion must be true if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning generalises from examples and gives only probable conclusions.
Answer
C · Deductive reasoning
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
Why this is the answer
His profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia for episodes, with preserved skills, supports separate memory systems for declarative and procedural knowledge.
Answer
D · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Insecure-avoidant
Why this is the answer
Avoidant infants show little visible distress at separation and avoid contact at reunion. Ainsworth linked this to caregivers who reject or ignore the infant's needs.
Answer
D · Insecure-avoidant
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
Why this is the answer
Infants respond with attempts to regain contact, then distress and withdrawal, showing that even young infants expect contingent social responses.
Answer
A · Trying to re-engage her, then becoming upset and looking away
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
Why this is the answer
Obedience fell to about 20% when the experimenter gave instructions by phone, and also dropped when the learner was close or when peers refused.
Answer
D · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Each small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
Why this is the answer
Commitment to earlier small steps makes each next step seem acceptable. Refusing would mean admitting that the previous ones were also wrong.
Answer
A · Each small step made stopping harder to justify, like foot-in-the-door
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
Why this is the answer
The model holds that a predisposition (biological or psychological) leads to disorder only when triggered by sufficient stress.
Answer
C · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Binge-eating disorder
Why this is the answer
Binge-eating disorder involves recurrent binges with distress but without regular compensatory behaviour. Bulimia requires compensatory behaviour, and anorexia requires significantly low weight.
Answer
A · Binge-eating disorder
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