1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
People often accept an invalid syllogism if its conclusion sounds true, such as "Some vitamins are healthy". This is called:
- ABelief bias
- BAnchoring
- CHindsight bias
- DSelf-serving bias
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In a city, 85% of cabs are green and 15% are blue. A witness who is correct 80% of the time says the cab in an accident was blue. What is the probability it really was blue?
- AAbout 80%
- BAbout 41%
- CAbout 15%
- DAbout 68%
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A study finds that the heritability of height in a population is about 0.8. What does this mean?
- A80% of each person's own height is caused by their genes
- B80% of people in that group inherit height from their mother
- C80% of height differences in that group are linked to genes
- DHeight in that group cannot be changed by the environment
4.Developmental psychologyHard
On a visual cliff set to a moderate drop, most infants crossed when their mother smiled but few crossed when she showed fear. This shows:
- AThat infants ignore their caregivers' facial expressions in new situations
- BImprinting on the mother's face
- CThat infants cannot perceive depth
- DSocial referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
5.Social psychologyMedium
Deindividuation refers to:
- ALoss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
- BThe process of forming a stable, separate personal identity during adolescence
- CBecoming more individual when alone
- DChoosing not to join any group
6.Social psychologyHard
Fischer and colleagues' meta-analysis of the bystander effect found that it was weaker when:
- AThe emergency was clearly dangerous
- BThere were more bystanders present
- CThe situation was more ambiguous
- DAll the bystanders were strangers
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Reliability of a diagnosis refers to:
- AWhether the diagnosis is accepted by the patient
- BWhether the diagnosis accurately predicts the course and outcome of the illness
- CWhether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
- DWhether the diagnosis uses medical tests
8.Clinical psychologyHard
An interview that follows a fixed set of questions in a fixed order to reach a diagnosis is called:
- AA free association session
- BAn unstructured interview
- CA projective test
- DA structured clinical interview
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Belief bias
Why this is the answer
Belief bias is the tendency to judge arguments by how believable their conclusions are rather than by whether the conclusion follows logically.
Answer
A · Belief bias
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · About 41%
Why this is the answer
True blue identified as blue: 0.15 × 0.8 = 0.12. Green wrongly called blue: 0.85 × 0.2 = 0.17. So 0.12 / 0.29 ≈ 0.41. Most people answer 80%, neglecting the base rate.
Answer
B · About 41%
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · 80% of height differences in that group are linked to genes
Why this is the answer
Heritability is the proportion of variance in a trait within a population that is associated with genetic variation. It says nothing about a single person and can change with the environment.
Answer
C · 80% of height differences in that group are linked to genes
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Social referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
Why this is the answer
Sorce and colleagues showed that in ambiguous situations infants look to caregivers' emotional expressions and adjust their actions accordingly.
Answer
D · Social referencing: using a caregiver's emotion to guide behaviour
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
Why this is the answer
Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.
Answer
A · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · The emergency was clearly dangerous
Why this is the answer
In dangerous emergencies, the need is obvious and bystanders may also provide physical support, so the reduction in helping caused by others is smaller.
Answer
A · The emergency was clearly dangerous
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
Why this is the answer
Reliability is consistency of diagnosis between clinicians or over time. Validity is whether the diagnosis reflects a real, meaningful category.
Answer
C · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · A structured clinical interview
Why this is the answer
Structured interviews such as the SCID ask standard questions tied to diagnostic criteria, increasing reliability compared with unstructured interviews.
Answer
D · A structured clinical interview
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