Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Anchoring bias occurs when:
Morris, Bransford and Franks found that words processed for rhyme were better recognised in a rhyming test than words processed for meaning. This challenges levels of processing because:
Shown 7 roses and 3 tulips, a 5-year-old says there are more roses than flowers. Which ability is still lacking?
Adolescents take more risks in a driving game when friends are watching, but adults are less affected. Steinberg explains this mainly by:
Normative social influence is conformity based on:
In Reicher and Haslam's BBC prison study, guards did not form a strong shared identity, while prisoners did and challenged the guards. What does this suggest about the Stanford prison experiment?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) increase serotonin in the synapse by:
An older patient becomes confused over two days after starting a new medication, with attention that varies through the day. Her daughter says her memory was normal last week. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
Answer: B · An initial number strongly influences a later estimate
In anchoring, people adjust insufficiently from an initial value, even an arbitrary one, when making numerical judgements.
Answer: B · Memory depends on the match between encoding and test, not only on depth
Transfer-appropriate processing holds that the best encoding is the one that matches the demands of the later test. "Deep" semantic processing is not always superior.
Answer: D · Class inclusion
Class inclusion is understanding that a subclass cannot be larger than the class that contains it. Piaget found it is usually mastered in the concrete operational stage.
Answer: A · Reward systems maturing earlier than prefrontal self-control
The dual systems model proposes that reward sensitivity rises in adolescence, while cognitive control matures more slowly, so peers can push decisions towards risk.
Answer: D · The wish to be accepted and liked by the group
Normative influence drives conformity to fit in and avoid rejection, as in Asch's study. Informational influence is conforming because we think others are right.
Answer: C · Behaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
Reicher and Haslam argued that people do not passively accept roles; behaviour depends on whether they identify with their group, supporting social identity theory.
Answer: D · Blocking the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron
SSRIs block the serotonin transporter, so serotonin stays longer in the synaptic cleft. Clinical effects usually take several weeks.
Answer: C · Delirium, which needs a search for a physical or drug cause
Acute onset with fluctuating attention suggests delirium, a medical emergency with causes such as drugs, infection or dehydration. Dementia develops gradually over months to years.
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