Introduction to Psychology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Cognitive psychologyMedium

In a lexical decision task, people recognise "nurse" as a word faster after seeing "doctor" than after seeing "bread". This is best explained by:

  1. ARetroactive interference
  2. BThe phonological similarity effect
  3. CSpreading activation in a semantic network
  4. DIconic memory decay
2.Cognitive psychologyHard

Clive Wearing developed severe amnesia after a brain infection and cannot remember events from moment to moment, yet he can still play the piano and conduct music. This shows that:

  1. AMusical skills are stored in short-term memory
  2. BEpisodic memory is needed to perform any skill
  3. CProcedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
  4. DAll long-term memory depends on a single system
3.Developmental psychologyMedium

Baumrind's authoritative parenting style combines:

  1. AHigh warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
  2. BHigh warmth with few rules or demands
  3. CLow warmth with strict rules and very little explanation
  4. DLow warmth and low involvement
4.Developmental psychologyHard

Parents who love reading pass on genes linked to verbal ability and also fill the house with books. This is which gene–environment correlation?

  1. AActive (niche-picking)
  2. BGene–environment interaction
  3. CEvocative
  4. DPassive
5.Social psychologyMedium

Tom says he tripped because the floor was wet, but when he sees someone else trip he thinks they are clumsy. This is the:

  1. AActor–observer bias
  2. BSelf-serving bias
  3. CFalse consensus effect
  4. DHalo effect
6.Social psychologyHard

Myers and Bishop found that students high in prejudice became more prejudiced after discussing racial issues with similar students, and low-prejudice students became less prejudiced. Which two explanations are usually given?

  1. AObedience and agentic state
  2. BPersuasive arguments and social comparison
  3. CSocial loafing and social facilitation
  4. DMatching hypothesis and proximity
7.Clinical psychologyMedium

Which defence mechanism is shown by someone who is angry with their boss but shouts at their partner at home?

  1. ASublimation
  2. BDisplacement
  3. CReaction formation
  4. DProjection
8.Clinical psychologyHard

Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) was originally developed for:

  1. ABorderline personality disorder with self-harm
  2. BSpecific phobias
  3. CDementia
  4. DBipolar disorder

2Solutions

1.Cognitive psychology

Answer: C · Spreading activation in a semantic network

Why this is the answer

Collins and Loftus proposed that activating a concept spreads activation to related concepts, making them easier to access (semantic priming).

Answer

C · Spreading activation in a semantic network
2.Cognitive psychology

Answer: C · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory

Why this is the answer

His profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia for episodes, with preserved skills, supports separate memory systems for declarative and procedural knowledge.

Answer

C · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
3.Developmental psychology

Answer: A · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations

Why this is the answer

Authoritative parents are responsive and set firm, reasoned limits; this style is associated with good social and academic outcomes in many studies.

Answer

A · High warmth with high, clearly explained expectations
4.Developmental psychology

Answer: D · Passive

Why this is the answer

In passive correlations, biological parents provide both genes and an environment that fits them. This is strongest in early childhood.

Answer

D · Passive
5.Social psychology

Answer: A · Actor–observer bias

Why this is the answer

As actors we see the situation around us, so we make situational attributions for ourselves and dispositional attributions for others.

Answer

A · Actor–observer bias
6.Social psychology

Answer: B · Persuasive arguments and social comparison

Why this is the answer

Group polarisation is explained by hearing more arguments supporting the initial view and by comparing oneself with others to appear a good group member.

Answer

B · Persuasive arguments and social comparison
7.Clinical psychology

Answer: B · Displacement

Why this is the answer

Displacement shifts an impulse from a threatening target to a less threatening one. Projection attributes one's own unacceptable feelings to others.

Answer

B · Displacement
8.Clinical psychology

Answer: A · Borderline personality disorder with self-harm

Why this is the answer

DBT combines CBT with mindfulness, emotion regulation and distress tolerance skills, initially for people with borderline personality disorder and chronic suicidality.

Answer

A · Borderline personality disorder with self-harm

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