Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
People verify "A robin is a bird" faster than "A penguin is a bird". This finding supports:
In the Wason selection task, cards show E, K, 4 and 7. The rule is "If a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other". Which cards must be turned to test the rule?
Shown 7 roses and 3 tulips, a 5-year-old says there are more roses than flowers. Which ability is still lacking?
Harlow's monkeys raised in isolation with only surrogate mothers later showed which outcome?
A message from a low-credibility source becomes more persuasive weeks later, as people forget where it came from. This is the:
The just-world hypothesis can lead people to:
In Beck's cognitive model of depression, the "cognitive triad" consists of negative views about:
A man who hears the word "thud" is admitted to hospital, then behaves normally. Staff record his note-taking as "engages in writing behaviour". In Rosenhan's study, what does this illustrate?
Answer: B · Prototype theory and graded category membership
The typicality effect shows that category membership is graded. Items close to the prototype are classified faster, which the classical definitional view cannot explain.
Answer: D · E and 7
Only a vowel with an odd number falsifies the rule, so check E (odd on back?) and 7 (vowel on back?). Most people choose E and 4, which reflects a matching or confirmation tendency.
Answer: B · Class inclusion
Class inclusion is understanding that a subclass cannot be larger than the class that contains it. Piaget found it is usually mastered in the concrete operational stage.
Answer: A · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
Monkeys reared without real mothers or peers often became socially withdrawn or aggressive and were poor mothers, suggesting a sensitive period for social contact.
Answer: C · Sleeper effect
Hovland found that the discounting cue (an untrustworthy source) fades from memory faster than the message, so persuasion can increase over time.
Answer: D · Blame victims for their misfortune
Believing the world is fair can lead people to derogate or blame victims to maintain the belief that bad things happen only to those who deserve them.
Answer: A · Oneself, the world and the future
Beck proposed that depressed people hold negative views of the self, the world (or experiences) and the future, maintained by cognitive distortions.
Answer: A · Once a label is applied, normal behaviour tends to be interpreted as a sign of the disorder
Rosenhan argued that the label "schizophrenic" made staff see ordinary behaviour as pathological. Critics such as Spitzer argued the study did not prove diagnosis was invalid.
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