Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
In Duncker's candle problem, participants must fix a candle to a wall using a box of tacks and matches. The solution is hard to find because people:
Gick and Holyoak gave participants a story about an army attacking a fortress from many sides, then Duncker's radiation problem. What did they find?
A 3-year-old hears a new word once, "This is the chromium tray", and later picks out the correct tray. This is called:
The concept of "internal working model" in attachment theory refers to:
On Halloween, children who were anonymous and in groups took more sweets than allowed, compared with children who had been asked their names. This illustrates:
The just-world hypothesis can lead people to:
In Beck's cognitive model of depression, the "cognitive triad" consists of negative views about:
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are higher in identical than in fraternal twins. What does this suggest?
Answer: C · See the box only as a container, not as a shelf
The difficulty shows functional fixedness. When the tacks are presented outside the box, people more often realise it can be tacked to the wall as a platform.
Answer: B · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
Analogical transfer often fails because people do not notice the deep structural similarity between problems with different surface features. A hint greatly increased transfer.
Answer: B · Fast mapping
Fast mapping is the ability to form an initial idea of a word's meaning after only one or a few exposures. It helps explain the vocabulary spurt.
Answer: D · A mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences
Bowlby proposed that early attachment creates internal models of the self and others that guide expectations and behaviour in later relationships.
Answer: A · Deindividuation
Diener and colleagues found that anonymity and group membership increased rule-breaking, consistent with deindividuation theory.
Answer: A · Blame victims for their misfortune
Believing the world is fair can lead people to derogate or blame victims to maintain the belief that bad things happen only to those who deserve them.
Answer: C · Oneself, the world and the future
Beck proposed that depressed people hold negative views of the self, the world (or experiences) and the future, maintained by cognitive distortions.
Answer: A · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
Higher MZ than DZ concordance shows a genetic contribution, while concordance well below 100% means environmental factors are also important.
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