1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A patient can no longer form new long-term memories after brain surgery but remembers events from before the operation. This is called:
- ADissociative amnesia
- BAnterograde amnesia
- CInfantile amnesia
- DRetrograde amnesia
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Linda is described as outspoken and concerned with social justice. Many people judge "Linda is a bank teller and a feminist" more likely than "Linda is a bank teller". What is the error?
- ACorrect base-rate use: feminists are common among bank tellers
- BThe conjunction fallacy: A and B cannot be likelier than A
- CAnchoring: the first description fixes the later estimate
- DThe gambler's fallacy: past events change the future odds
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Baillargeon found that young infants looked longer at "impossible" events, such as a screen rotating through a box behind it. This suggests infants:
- ACannot perceive objects at all once they move behind screens
- BKnow hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
- CHave no memory for events that they cannot see
- DPrefer moving screens to objects that stay still
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In an adoption study, adopted children's IQ scores correlate more with their biological parents' scores than with their adoptive parents' scores. This suggests:
- AGenetic influence on individual differences in IQ
- BThat the family environment has no effect at all on IQ
- CThat adoptive parents give poor care
- DThat IQ is fixed at birth
5.Social psychologyMedium
Deindividuation refers to:
- AThe process of forming a stable, separate personal identity during adolescence
- BLoss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
- CBecoming more individual when alone
- DChoosing not to join any group
6.Social psychologyHard
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures attitudes by:
- AMeasuring heart rate while participants talk with out-group members
- BReaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
- CObserving behaviour in natural settings
- DAsking direct questions about prejudice
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A person avoids buses, shops, open car parks and queues because escape might be difficult if they panic. Which diagnosis fits best?
- AClaustrophobia as a specific phobia
- BAgoraphobia
- CSocial anxiety disorder
- DGeneralised anxiety disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Which statement about the placebo effect in antidepressant trials is most accurate?
- APlacebo response is so strong that antidepressants have never shown any benefit over it in trials
- BPlacebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
- CPlacebos work only in physical illnesses
- DPlacebo effects never occur in depression
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Anterograde amnesia
Why this is the answer
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the damage. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories from before it.
Answer
B · Anterograde amnesia
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The conjunction fallacy: A and B cannot be likelier than A
Why this is the answer
Tversky and Kahneman explained the error by representativeness: the description resembles a feminist, so people ignore the rule that P(A and B) cannot exceed P(A).
Answer
B · The conjunction fallacy: A and B cannot be likelier than A
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Know hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
Why this is the answer
Longer looking at impossible events implies surprise, which suggests infants expected the hidden box to remain solid. This points to object permanence by a few months of age.
Answer
B · Know hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Genetic influence on individual differences in IQ
Why this is the answer
Greater resemblance to biological parents points to genetic influence, though prenatal environment and selective placement can complicate the interpretation.
Answer
A · Genetic influence on individual differences in IQ
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
Why this is the answer
Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.
Answer
B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · Reaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
Why this is the answer
The IAT compares response times for categorisation tasks; faster responses for some pairings are taken to indicate stronger automatic associations. Its predictive validity for behaviour is debated.
Answer
B · Reaction times when pairing concepts with evaluative words
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Agoraphobia
Why this is the answer
Agoraphobia involves fear of at least two situations (public transport, open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds or queues, being outside alone) because escape or help might be unavailable.
Answer
B · Agoraphobia
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Placebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
Why this is the answer
Placebo response in depression trials is often 30–40%, so randomised placebo-controlled designs are needed to show the specific effect of a drug.
Answer
B · Placebo response rates are substantial, so trials need control groups to show drug effects
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