Introduction to Psychology: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Practice problems

1.Cognitive psychologyMedium

In a lexical decision task, people recognise "nurse" as a word faster after seeing "doctor" than after seeing "bread". This is best explained by:

  1. AThe phonological similarity effect
  2. BIconic memory decay
  3. CSpreading activation in a semantic network
  4. DRetroactive interference
2.Cognitive psychologyHard

In rapid serial visual presentation, people often miss a second target that appears about 200–500 ms after the first. This is called:

  1. AInhibition of return
  2. BChange blindness
  3. CThe attentional blink
  4. DIconic decay
3.Developmental psychologyMedium

A 5-year-old says a boy who broke 15 cups by accident is naughtier than a boy who broke 1 cup while stealing jam. Piaget called this:

  1. AFormal operational moral thought
  2. BHeteronomous morality (moral realism)
  3. CPost-conventional moral reasoning
  4. DAutonomous morality (moral relativism)
4.Developmental psychologyHard

Harlow's monkeys raised in isolation with only surrogate mothers later showed which outcome?

  1. AStrong attachment to the wire mother as adults
  2. BAbnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
  3. CCompletely normal adult social behaviour
  4. DBetter problem solving than monkeys that had been reared by real mothers
5.Social psychologyMedium

Deindividuation refers to:

  1. ABecoming more individual when alone
  2. BLoss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
  3. CThe process of forming a stable, separate personal identity during adolescence
  4. DChoosing not to join any group
6.Social psychologyHard

Which variation in Asch's study reduced conformity most dramatically?

  1. AHaving participants answer first
  2. BIncreasing the majority from 3 to 15 people
  3. CMaking the task easier
  4. DOne other confederate giving the correct answer
7.Clinical psychologyMedium

In suicide risk assessment, which factor is one of the strongest predictors of a future suicide attempt?

  1. AA previous suicide attempt
  2. BTalking openly to a therapist
  3. CBeing a university student
  4. DHaving a large circle of friends
8.Clinical psychologyHard

A patient has had psychotic symptoms for a year; for several weeks they had hallucinations without any mood episode, while at other times psychosis occurred during major depressive episodes. Which diagnosis is most likely?

  1. ADelusional disorder
  2. BSchizoaffective disorder
  3. CBipolar I disorder
  4. DMajor depressive disorder with psychotic features

2Solutions

1.Cognitive psychology

Answer: C · Spreading activation in a semantic network

Why this is the answer

Collins and Loftus proposed that activating a concept spreads activation to related concepts, making them easier to access (semantic priming).

Answer

C · Spreading activation in a semantic network
2.Cognitive psychology

Answer: C · The attentional blink

Why this is the answer

The attentional blink shows a temporal limit on attention: processing the first target temporarily prevents the second from reaching awareness.

Answer

C · The attentional blink
3.Developmental psychology

Answer: B · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)

Why this is the answer

Heteronomous children see rules as fixed and judge actions by the amount of damage. Older, autonomous children take intentions into account.

Answer

B · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
4.Developmental psychology

Answer: B · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young

Why this is the answer

Monkeys reared without real mothers or peers often became socially withdrawn or aggressive and were poor mothers, suggesting a sensitive period for social contact.

Answer

B · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
5.Social psychology

Answer: B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity

Why this is the answer

Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.

Answer

B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
6.Social psychology

Answer: D · One other confederate giving the correct answer

Why this is the answer

A single dissenting ally reduced conformity sharply (to about 5%), while increasing the majority beyond three or four people had little extra effect.

Answer

D · One other confederate giving the correct answer
7.Clinical psychology

Answer: A · A previous suicide attempt

Why this is the answer

A history of suicide attempts is among the strongest risk factors. Asking directly about suicidal thoughts does not increase risk and is part of good assessment.

Answer

A · A previous suicide attempt
8.Clinical psychology

Answer: B · Schizoaffective disorder

Why this is the answer

Schizoaffective disorder involves a mood episode together with schizophrenia symptoms, plus at least two weeks of psychosis without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.

Answer

B · Schizoaffective disorder

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