1Practice problems
1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
In a lexical decision task, people recognise "nurse" as a word faster after seeing "doctor" than after seeing "bread". This is best explained by:
- AThe phonological similarity effect
- BIconic memory decay
- CSpreading activation in a semantic network
- DRetroactive interference
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In rapid serial visual presentation, people often miss a second target that appears about 200–500 ms after the first. This is called:
- AInhibition of return
- BChange blindness
- CThe attentional blink
- DIconic decay
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A 5-year-old says a boy who broke 15 cups by accident is naughtier than a boy who broke 1 cup while stealing jam. Piaget called this:
- AFormal operational moral thought
- BHeteronomous morality (moral realism)
- CPost-conventional moral reasoning
- DAutonomous morality (moral relativism)
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Harlow's monkeys raised in isolation with only surrogate mothers later showed which outcome?
- AStrong attachment to the wire mother as adults
- BAbnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
- CCompletely normal adult social behaviour
- DBetter problem solving than monkeys that had been reared by real mothers
5.Social psychologyMedium
Deindividuation refers to:
- ABecoming more individual when alone
- BLoss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
- CThe process of forming a stable, separate personal identity during adolescence
- DChoosing not to join any group
6.Social psychologyHard
Which variation in Asch's study reduced conformity most dramatically?
- AHaving participants answer first
- BIncreasing the majority from 3 to 15 people
- CMaking the task easier
- DOne other confederate giving the correct answer
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
In suicide risk assessment, which factor is one of the strongest predictors of a future suicide attempt?
- AA previous suicide attempt
- BTalking openly to a therapist
- CBeing a university student
- DHaving a large circle of friends
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A patient has had psychotic symptoms for a year; for several weeks they had hallucinations without any mood episode, while at other times psychosis occurred during major depressive episodes. Which diagnosis is most likely?
- ADelusional disorder
- BSchizoaffective disorder
- CBipolar I disorder
- DMajor depressive disorder with psychotic features
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Spreading activation in a semantic network
Why this is the answer
Collins and Loftus proposed that activating a concept spreads activation to related concepts, making them easier to access (semantic priming).
C · Spreading activation in a semantic network
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · The attentional blink
Why this is the answer
The attentional blink shows a temporal limit on attention: processing the first target temporarily prevents the second from reaching awareness.
C · The attentional blink
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
Why this is the answer
Heteronomous children see rules as fixed and judge actions by the amount of damage. Older, autonomous children take intentions into account.
B · Heteronomous morality (moral realism)
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
Why this is the answer
Monkeys reared without real mothers or peers often became socially withdrawn or aggressive and were poor mothers, suggesting a sensitive period for social contact.
B · Abnormal social behaviour and difficulty caring for their own young
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
Why this is the answer
Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.
B · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · One other confederate giving the correct answer
Why this is the answer
A single dissenting ally reduced conformity sharply (to about 5%), while increasing the majority beyond three or four people had little extra effect.
D · One other confederate giving the correct answer
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · A previous suicide attempt
Why this is the answer
A history of suicide attempts is among the strongest risk factors. Asking directly about suicidal thoughts does not increase risk and is part of good assessment.
A · A previous suicide attempt
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Schizoaffective disorder
Why this is the answer
Schizoaffective disorder involves a mood episode together with schizophrenia symptoms, plus at least two weeks of psychosis without a mood episode. In psychotic depression, psychosis occurs only during the mood episode.
B · Schizoaffective disorder