Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Anchoring bias occurs when:
Change blindness experiments show that people often:
An infant in the Strange Situation approaches the parent with the head turned away, then freezes. Contradictory behaviour like this indicates which attachment type?
Which finding is a major criticism of Piaget's formal operational stage?
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
Why are the results of the Stanford prison experiment treated with caution today?
A person avoids buses, shops, open car parks and queues because escape might be difficult if they panic. Which diagnosis fits best?
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
Answer: D · An initial number strongly influences a later estimate
In anchoring, people adjust insufficiently from an initial value, even an arbitrary one, when making numerical judgements.
Answer: D · Fail to notice large changes in a scene when the change happens during a brief interruption
When a visual change coincides with a disruption (a blink, a cut, a passing door), people frequently miss it, showing we store far less detail than we feel we do.
Answer: C · Disorganised
Disorganised attachment involves contradictory or confused behaviour with no clear strategy. It is more common when caregiving is frightening or maltreating.
Answer: A · Many adults do not reason formally, and it depends on schooling
Research shows that formal reasoning is far from universal and is strongly linked to schooling and cultural experience, so it is not an automatic stage.
Answer: A · Interpreting the event as an emergency
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer: A · Guards were partly coached and demand characteristics were strong
Recordings and interviews suggest guards were encouraged to be tough and some acted a role, raising doubts about the conclusion that the situation alone produced the cruelty.
Answer: A · Agoraphobia
Agoraphobia involves fear of at least two situations (public transport, open spaces, enclosed spaces, crowds or queues, being outside alone) because escape or help might be unavailable.
Answer: C · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
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