1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A friend walking away from you does not seem to shrink, even though their image on your retina gets smaller. This is called:
- AShape constancy
- BFigure–ground organisation
- CLinear perspective
- DSize constancy
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In rapid serial visual presentation, people often miss a second target that appears about 200–500 ms after the first. This is called:
- AInhibition of return
- BThe attentional blink
- CChange blindness
- DIconic decay
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In Kohlberg's theory, a person who judges right and wrong mainly by avoiding punishment is at which level?
- AFormal operational
- BPre-conventional
- CConventional
- DPost-conventional
4.Developmental psychologyHard
An irritable, difficult baby tends to receive harsher parenting than a calm baby. This is an example of which gene–environment correlation?
- AEvocative
- BActive (niche-picking)
- CPassive
- DGene–environment independence
5.Social psychologyMedium
Burger's 2009 partial replication of Milgram stopped at 150 volts for ethical reasons. What did it find?
- AAlmost nobody obeyed in a modern sample
- BObedience was far higher than in Milgram's study
- CObedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
- DWomen nearly always refused to continue
6.Social psychologyHard
Fischer and colleagues' meta-analysis of the bystander effect found that it was weaker when:
- AThe emergency was clearly dangerous
- BThe situation was more ambiguous
- CThere were more bystanders present
- DAll the bystanders were strangers
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which statement about the monoamine hypothesis of depression is most accurate?
- AIt links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
- BIt proves that depression is caused only by low dopamine in the frontal lobe
- CIt has been fully confirmed by direct measurements of serotonin levels in the brains of living patients
- DIt predicts that antidepressants improve mood within a few hours of a dose
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are higher in identical than in fraternal twins. What does this suggest?
- AGenes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
- BTwins are more likely than other siblings to be misdiagnosed by clinicians
- CThe environment plays no role
- DSchizophrenia is caused entirely by genes
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · Size constancy
Why this is the answer
Size constancy keeps the perceived size of an object stable despite changes in retinal image size, by combining image size with perceived distance.
Answer
D · Size constancy
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The attentional blink
Why this is the answer
The attentional blink shows a temporal limit on attention: processing the first target temporarily prevents the second from reaching awareness.
Answer
B · The attentional blink
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Pre-conventional
Why this is the answer
Pre-conventional morality is based on punishment and self-interest; conventional on social rules and approval; post-conventional on universal principles.
Answer
B · Pre-conventional
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Evocative
Why this is the answer
In evocative correlations, a child's inherited characteristics evoke reactions from the environment. Scarr and McCartney also described passive and active correlations.
Answer
A · Evocative
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
Why this is the answer
Most participants who continue past 150 volts tend to go to the end, so Burger used it as a safe cut-off. Obedience at that point was only slightly lower than Milgram's.
Answer
C · Obedience was similar to Milgram's at that point
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · The emergency was clearly dangerous
Why this is the answer
In dangerous emergencies, the need is obvious and bystanders may also provide physical support, so the reduction in helping caused by others is smaller.
Answer
A · The emergency was clearly dangerous
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
Why this is the answer
The hypothesis grew from the effects of drugs on monoamines. The delay of several weeks before benefit suggests that downstream changes, such as receptor adaptation, matter too.
Answer
A · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
Why this is the answer
Higher MZ than DZ concordance shows a genetic contribution, while concordance well below 100% means environmental factors are also important.
Answer
A · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
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