1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
"All mammals breathe air. Whales are mammals. Therefore whales breathe air." This is an example of:
- ADeductive reasoning
- BThe availability heuristic
- CAnalogical reasoning
- DInductive reasoning
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
A participant solves anagrams faster after seeing related words briefly, without being aware of them. This is an example of:
- APriming
- BChunking
- CRehearsal
- DInterference
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A 3-year-old hears a new word once, "This is the chromium tray", and later picks out the correct tray. This is called:
- ABabbling
- BTelegraphic speech
- CFast mapping
- DOverextension
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Vygotsky's theory, private speech in young children is seen as:
- AA tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
- BA symptom of a language delay
- CSpeech mainly intended to communicate information to other people nearby
- DA sign of egocentrism with no function
5.Social psychologyMedium
A message from a low-credibility source becomes more persuasive weeks later, as people forget where it came from. This is the:
- ABoomerang effect
- BSleeper effect
- CPrimacy effect
- DMere exposure effect
6.Social psychologyHard
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled room study, participants alone usually reported the smoke, but those with two calm confederates rarely did. The best explanation is:
- ADeindividuation caused by sitting in a group
- BSocial loafing while working on a group task
- CPluralistic ignorance about whether it was an emergency
- DNormative influence from an authority figure
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which treatment is recommended as first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
- AElectroconvulsive therapy
- BCognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
- CPsychoanalysis
- DLong-term daily benzodiazepines or other hypnotic drugs
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A patient with schizophrenia stays motionless in an awkward posture for hours and resists attempts to move him. Which symptom cluster does this describe?
- ATardive dyskinesia
- BCatatonia
- CAlogia
- DThought broadcasting
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Deductive reasoning
Why this is the answer
In deductive reasoning a valid conclusion must be true if the premises are true. Inductive reasoning generalises from examples and gives only probable conclusions.
Answer
A · Deductive reasoning
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Priming
Why this is the answer
Priming occurs when exposure to one stimulus facilitates processing of a related stimulus, often without conscious awareness. It reflects implicit memory.
Answer
A · Priming
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Fast mapping
Why this is the answer
Fast mapping is the ability to form an initial idea of a word's meaning after only one or a few exposures. It helps explain the vocabulary spurt.
Answer
C · Fast mapping
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · A tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
Why this is the answer
Vygotsky saw private speech as self-regulating; it gradually becomes silent inner speech. Piaget instead saw it as egocentric.
Answer
A · A tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · Sleeper effect
Why this is the answer
Hovland found that the discounting cue (an untrustworthy source) fades from memory faster than the message, so persuasion can increase over time.
Answer
B · Sleeper effect
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · Pluralistic ignorance about whether it was an emergency
Why this is the answer
Participants used the passive confederates to interpret the ambiguous smoke as harmless. This is a failure at the interpretation step of helping.
Answer
C · Pluralistic ignorance about whether it was an emergency
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
Why this is the answer
CBT-I combines sleep restriction, stimulus control, sleep hygiene and cognitive techniques. It has lasting effects and is recommended before hypnotic drugs.
Answer
B · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Catatonia
Why this is the answer
Catatonic features include stupor, posturing, waxy flexibility, mutism and negativism. In DSM-5 catatonia can occur with schizophrenia, mood disorders or medical conditions.
Answer
B · Catatonia
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