Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Broadbent's filter model of attention proposes that unattended messages are:
In Posner's cueing task, responses are faster after a valid cue and slower after an invalid cue, even when the eyes do not move. This shows that:
A parent sets strict rules, expects obedience without discussion and says "Because I said so". This style is:
In Vygotsky's theory, private speech in young children is seen as:
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
In Tajfel's minimal group studies, boys allocated points between an in-group and an out-group member. They often preferred options that:
Patients taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) must avoid foods rich in tyramine because:
Ayllon and Azrin introduced a token economy on a psychiatric ward. What was the main finding and limitation?
Answer: D · Blocked by physical features before meaning is analysed
Broadbent argued that a selective filter lets through one channel based on physical characteristics such as ear or pitch, so unattended input is not processed for meaning.
Answer: B · Attention can shift to a location without moving the eyes
Covert orienting moves attention to the cued location, speeding processing there and slowing it elsewhere, independently of where the eyes point.
Answer: D · Authoritarian
Authoritarian parents are demanding but not very responsive and rarely explain rules. Authoritative parents are also firm but warm and give reasons.
Answer: C · A tool for guiding their own thinking that later becomes inner speech
Vygotsky saw private speech as self-regulating; it gradually becomes silent inner speech. Piaget instead saw it as egocentric.
Answer: D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer: A · Maximised the gap in their group's favour, even at a cost
Boys chose to give their group more than the other group even if it meant less for their own group overall, suggesting that positive distinctiveness drives favouritism.
Answer: D · The combination can cause a dangerous rise in blood pressure
MAO normally breaks down dietary tyramine. When it is inhibited, tyramine can trigger a hypertensive crisis, which is why MAOIs require dietary restrictions.
Answer: B · Target behaviours increased, but gains often did not generalise outside the ward
Token economies increased self-care and work behaviours in long-stay patients, but changes tended to fade without reinforcement, and the approach raised ethical concerns about control.
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