1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
The idea that the language you speak influences how you think and perceive the world is known as:
- ASemantic priming
- BLinguistic relativity
- CUniversal grammar
- DPhonemic restoration
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Strayer and Johnston found that hands-free phone conversations impaired simulated driving about as much as hand-held ones. What does this suggest?
- ADriving is a fully automatic task
- BThe main cost of phoning while driving is attentional, not manual
- CTalking to a passenger in the car is just as distracting in every case
- DHolding a phone is the only problem when driving
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A parent sets strict rules, expects obedience without discussion and says "Because I said so". This style is:
- AAuthoritarian
- BAuthoritative
- CUninvolved
- DPermissive
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Japanese infants in early Strange Situation studies showed high rates of resistant attachment and very little avoidance. One common explanation is that:
- AJapanese mothers in these samples were usually insensitive towards their infants
- BJapanese infants are genetically more anxious than infants elsewhere
- CThey were rarely separated from mothers, so the test was unusually stressful
- DJapanese fathers did most of the caregiving in these families
5.Social psychologyMedium
On Halloween, children who were anonymous and in groups took more sweets than allowed, compared with children who had been asked their names. This illustrates:
- AThe foot-in-the-door effect
- BSocial facilitation
- CDeindividuation
- DGroup polarisation
6.Social psychologyHard
In Ross's quiz study, randomly assigned questioners wrote hard questions for contestants. Observers rated the questioners as more knowledgeable. Why is this an attribution error?
- AThe questioners really were more intelligent overall
- BThe observers believed the roles were assigned by skill
- CThe contestants knew the answers but chose to hide them
- DThe questioners' role advantage was taken as ability
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
The diathesis–stress model proposes that mental disorders arise from:
- AStress alone
- BGenes alone
- CPoor parenting alone
- DAn underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A client with OCD checks the stove twenty times before leaving home. Why does checking maintain the disorder, according to the cognitive-behavioural model?
- ARelief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
- BChecking produces a strong pleasure that the client becomes addicted to
- CChecking raises anxiety each time, which punishes and gradually weakens the urge to check
- DChecking is mainly caused by low intelligence and poor working memory
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Linguistic relativity
Why this is the answer
The linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf) hypothesis proposes that language shapes thought. The strong version is largely rejected; weaker effects have some support.
Answer
B · Linguistic relativity
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · The main cost of phoning while driving is attentional, not manual
Why this is the answer
Because the impairment did not depend on holding the phone, it arises from dividing attention between the conversation and the driving task.
Answer
B · The main cost of phoning while driving is attentional, not manual
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Authoritarian
Why this is the answer
Authoritarian parents are demanding but not very responsive and rarely explain rules. Authoritative parents are also firm but warm and give reasons.
Answer
A · Authoritarian
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · They were rarely separated from mothers, so the test was unusually stressful
Why this is the answer
Because separation was unfamiliar to these infants, high distress may reflect cultural care practices rather than insecurity, questioning the procedure's cross-cultural validity.
Answer
C · They were rarely separated from mothers, so the test was unusually stressful
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Deindividuation
Why this is the answer
Diener and colleagues found that anonymity and group membership increased rule-breaking, consistent with deindividuation theory.
Answer
C · Deindividuation
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · The questioners' role advantage was taken as ability
Why this is the answer
Observers failed to adjust for the role, which let questioners display knowledge while hiding gaps. This is the fundamental attribution error in action.
Answer
D · The questioners' role advantage was taken as ability
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
Why this is the answer
The model holds that a predisposition (biological or psychological) leads to disorder only when triggered by sufficient stress.
Answer
D · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
Why this is the answer
Compulsions are negatively reinforced by short-term relief and stop the person learning that anxiety falls on its own. This is why ERP blocks the ritual.
Answer
A · Relief after checking reinforces it and blocks learning that the fear is unfounded
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