Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
The serial position effect predicts that items in a list are recalled best when they are:
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
Children get better at ignoring distractions and switching between tasks through childhood and adolescence. This improvement in executive function is linked mainly to maturation of the:
The concept of "internal working model" in attachment theory refers to:
Social exchange theory proposes that relationships continue when:
Baumrind criticised Milgram's obedience study mainly because:
A person spends hours daily worrying that a small mark on their nose is ugly, checks mirrors constantly, and others see nothing wrong. Which diagnosis fits?
Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study is often cited as evidence that:
Answer: D · At the beginning and end of the list
Early items benefit from rehearsal into long-term memory (primacy), and the last items are still in short-term memory (recency).
Answer: B · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer: B · Prefrontal cortex
Executive functions such as inhibition, working memory and flexible switching depend heavily on the prefrontal cortex, which continues developing into the twenties.
Answer: D · A mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences
Bowlby proposed that early attachment creates internal models of the self and others that guide expectations and behaviour in later relationships.
Answer: B · Rewards outweigh costs compared with alternatives
Thibaut and Kelley argued people weigh rewards against costs, compared with their expectations and with available alternatives, when deciding to stay.
Answer: D · Participants were deceived and put under severe stress
Baumrind argued the deception and distress were not justified. Milgram replied that participants were debriefed and most later said they were glad to have taken part.
Answer: C · Body dysmorphic disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder is preoccupation with perceived flaws in appearance that are slight or not observable, with repetitive behaviours such as mirror checking or seeking reassurance.
Answer: A · Fear can be acquired through classical conditioning
Albert came to fear a white rat after it was repeatedly paired with a loud noise, and the fear generalised to similar objects. The study is now criticised on ethical and methodological grounds.
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