1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
People often accept an invalid syllogism if its conclusion sounds true, such as "Some vitamins are healthy". This is called:
- AHindsight bias
- BAnchoring
- CBelief bias
- DSelf-serving bias
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Glanzer and Cunitz had participants count for 30 seconds between hearing a list and recalling it. Which result did they find?
- ARecall became equal at all positions except the middle
- BBoth effects became larger
- CThe primacy effect disappeared, but the recency effect remained
- DThe recency effect disappeared, but the primacy effect remained
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In Vygotsky's theory, an older sibling who helps a child learn to tie shoelaces is acting as:
- AA more knowledgeable other
- BA formal operational thinker
- CAn imaginary audience
- DA primary attachment figure
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Wynn showed 5-month-olds one doll, then a second doll being added behind a screen. When the screen dropped to reveal only one doll, infants looked longer. This suggests infants:
- AHave basic expectations about small numbers
- BHave already learned to count aloud
- CPrefer one doll to two dolls
- DCannot see objects behind screens
5.Social psychologyMedium
The foot-in-the-door technique works by:
- AOffering a discount after the request
- BMaking a large request first, which is refused, then a smaller one
- CGetting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
- DUsing fear to persuade
6.Social psychologyHard
Myers and Bishop found that students high in prejudice became more prejudiced after discussing racial issues with similar students, and low-prejudice students became less prejudiced. Which two explanations are usually given?
- ASocial loafing and social facilitation
- BObedience and agentic state
- CMatching hypothesis and proximity
- DPersuasive arguments and social comparison
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
The diathesis–stress model proposes that mental disorders arise from:
- AAn underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
- BStress alone
- CGenes alone
- DPoor parenting alone
8.Clinical psychologyHard
An interview that follows a fixed set of questions in a fixed order to reach a diagnosis is called:
- AA free association session
- BAn unstructured interview
- CA projective test
- DA structured clinical interview
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Belief bias
Why this is the answer
Belief bias is the tendency to judge arguments by how believable their conclusions are rather than by whether the conclusion follows logically.
Answer
C · Belief bias
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: D · The recency effect disappeared, but the primacy effect remained
Why this is the answer
The delay displaced the last items from short-term memory, removing recency. Early items had already been rehearsed into long-term memory, so primacy was unaffected.
Answer
D · The recency effect disappeared, but the primacy effect remained
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · A more knowledgeable other
Why this is the answer
The more knowledgeable other is a person with more skill who guides the learner within the zone of proximal development. It can be a parent, teacher or peer.
Answer
A · A more knowledgeable other
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Have basic expectations about small numbers
Why this is the answer
Infants seemed to expect 1 + 1 to make 2. Wynn interpreted this as an early sense of number, though some argue simpler perceptual explanations are possible.
Answer
A · Have basic expectations about small numbers
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Getting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
Why this is the answer
Agreeing to a small request makes people more likely to agree to a later bigger one, possibly because of consistency with their self-image.
Answer
C · Getting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Persuasive arguments and social comparison
Why this is the answer
Group polarisation is explained by hearing more arguments supporting the initial view and by comparing oneself with others to appear a good group member.
Answer
D · Persuasive arguments and social comparison
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
Why this is the answer
The model holds that a predisposition (biological or psychological) leads to disorder only when triggered by sufficient stress.
Answer
A · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · A structured clinical interview
Why this is the answer
Structured interviews such as the SCID ask standard questions tied to diagnostic criteria, increasing reliability compared with unstructured interviews.
Answer
D · A structured clinical interview
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