1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A patient can no longer form new long-term memories after brain surgery but remembers events from before the operation. This is called:
- ARetrograde amnesia
- BAnterograde amnesia
- CDissociative amnesia
- DInfantile amnesia
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Clive Wearing developed severe amnesia after a brain infection and cannot remember events from moment to moment, yet he can still play the piano and conduct music. This shows that:
- AMusical skills are stored in short-term memory
- BEpisodic memory is needed to perform any skill
- CProcedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
- DAll long-term memory depends on a single system
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Baillargeon found that young infants looked longer at "impossible" events, such as a screen rotating through a box behind it. This suggests infants:
- AKnow hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
- BHave no memory for events that they cannot see
- CPrefer moving screens to objects that stay still
- DCannot perceive objects at all once they move behind screens
4.Developmental psychologyHard
The pianist Arthur Rubinstein, in old age, played fewer pieces, practised them more and slowed down before fast passages to make them seem faster. This illustrates:
- AFluid intelligence improving with age
- BSelective optimisation with compensation
- CIdentity foreclosure
- DSocioemotional selectivity only
5.Social psychologyMedium
Adorno and colleagues linked prejudice to an "authoritarian personality". This personality was thought to develop from:
- ACompetition for jobs and housing in adulthood
- BA strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
- CMembership of trivial or minimal groups
- DA permissive upbringing with very few rules or limits
6.Social psychologyHard
Janis used the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion as a case study. Which feature of the planning group fits his account of groupthink?
- AThe group took a long time to reach a decision
- BMany independent experts openly criticised the plan
- CThe leader insisted on hearing all objections
- DMembers suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Reliability of a diagnosis refers to:
- AWhether the diagnosis uses medical tests
- BWhether the diagnosis accurately predicts the course and outcome of the illness
- CWhether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
- DWhether the diagnosis is accepted by the patient
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A therapist helps a client with panic disorder deliberately bring on dizziness by spinning in a chair, without using safety behaviours. What is this technique called and why is it used?
- AFree association, so unconscious fears come to light
- BFlooding, so the client forgets their trauma
- CInteroceptive exposure, so the client learns bodily sensations are not dangerous
- DAversion therapy, so the client learns to associate panic with physical discomfort
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Anterograde amnesia
Why this is the answer
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the damage. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories from before it.
Answer
B · Anterograde amnesia
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
Why this is the answer
His profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia for episodes, with preserved skills, supports separate memory systems for declarative and procedural knowledge.
Answer
C · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Know hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
Why this is the answer
Longer looking at impossible events implies surprise, which suggests infants expected the hidden box to remain solid. This points to object permanence by a few months of age.
Answer
A · Know hidden objects still exist earlier than Piaget thought
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Selective optimisation with compensation
Why this is the answer
Baltes' model describes successful ageing as selecting fewer goals, optimising performance in them and compensating for losses with new strategies.
Answer
B · Selective optimisation with compensation
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · A strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
Why this is the answer
Adorno proposed that harsh parenting creates hostility that is displaced onto weaker groups. The theory is criticised for ignoring social and cultural factors.
Answer
B · A strict, harsh upbringing with conditional love
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
Why this is the answer
Janis described symptoms such as self-censorship, an illusion of unanimity and pressure on dissenters, leading to a poorly examined plan.
Answer
D · Members suppressed doubts and assumed everyone agreed
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
Why this is the answer
Reliability is consistency of diagnosis between clinicians or over time. Validity is whether the diagnosis reflects a real, meaningful category.
Answer
C · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Interoceptive exposure, so the client learns bodily sensations are not dangerous
Why this is the answer
Interoceptive exposure provokes feared bodily sensations so the client can test catastrophic predictions and habituate. It is a core part of CBT for panic disorder.
Answer
C · Interoceptive exposure, so the client learns bodily sensations are not dangerous
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