1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A patient can no longer form new long-term memories after brain surgery but remembers events from before the operation. This is called:
- AAnterograde amnesia
- BInfantile amnesia
- CDissociative amnesia
- DRetrograde amnesia
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
- AProactive interference in short-term memory
- BFunctional fixedness about what the jars can be used for
- CA mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
- DSudden insight into the structure of the problem
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Which statement about the formal operational stage is correct?
- AChildren cannot yet use symbols
- BThinking is limited to concrete objects that are physically in front of them
- CAdolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
- DChildren first develop object permanence
4.Developmental psychologyHard
A child is shown a Smarties tube, guesses it contains sweets, and finds pencils. Asked what a friend who has not looked will think is inside, a typical 3-year-old says "pencils". This shows:
- AA failure to conserve quantity
- BAn advanced theory of mind
- CA lack of object permanence
- DDifficulty understanding false beliefs
5.Social psychologyMedium
The foot-in-the-door technique works by:
- AOffering a discount after the request
- BGetting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
- CUsing fear to persuade
- DMaking a large request first, which is refused, then a smaller one
6.Social psychologyHard
The contact hypothesis states that contact reduces prejudice best when groups:
- ACompete against each other
- BAre brought together by force, without any support from the authorities
- CMeet only once briefly
- DHave equal status, shared goals, cooperation and institutional support
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Reliability of a diagnosis refers to:
- AWhether the diagnosis is accepted by the patient
- BWhether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
- CWhether the diagnosis accurately predicts the course and outcome of the illness
- DWhether the diagnosis uses medical tests
8.Clinical psychologyHard
The "Dodo bird verdict" in psychotherapy research refers to the finding that:
- ADifferent bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
- BMedication always outperforms psychotherapy
- COnly psychoanalysis is effective for depression
- DUntreated clients on waiting lists improve faster than treated clients
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Anterograde amnesia
Why this is the answer
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the damage. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories from before it.
Answer
A · Anterograde amnesia
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Why this is the answer
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer
C · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Adolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
Why this is the answer
Formal operational thinkers can reason hypothetically and systematically test possibilities, as in Piaget's pendulum task.
Answer
C · Adolescents can reason about abstract and hypothetical problems
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
Why this is the answer
Like the Sally–Anne task, the Smarties task tests false-belief understanding. Most 3-year-olds fail, while most 4–5-year-olds pass.
Answer
D · Difficulty understanding false beliefs
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · Getting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
Why this is the answer
Agreeing to a small request makes people more likely to agree to a later bigger one, possibly because of consistency with their self-image.
Answer
B · Getting agreement to a small request before making a larger one
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Have equal status, shared goals, cooperation and institutional support
Why this is the answer
Allport argued contact reduces prejudice under conditions of equal status, common goals, intergroup cooperation and support from authorities or norms.
Answer
D · Have equal status, shared goals, cooperation and institutional support
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
Why this is the answer
Reliability is consistency of diagnosis between clinicians or over time. Validity is whether the diagnosis reflects a real, meaningful category.
Answer
B · Whether different clinicians reach the same diagnosis for the same patient
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Different bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
Why this is the answer
Meta-analyses often find small differences between established therapies, which has been taken to support common factors such as the alliance. Some disorders, such as OCD and phobias, show clear advantages for specific treatments like exposure.
Answer
A · Different bona fide therapies often produce broadly similar outcomes
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