1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Which of these is an ill-defined problem?
- ADesigning a pleasant garden
- BSolving an anagram
- CFinding the sum of two numbers
- DCompleting a Tower of Hanoi puzzle
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
In Sperling's experiments, participants saw a 3 × 4 grid of letters briefly. When a tone signalled which row to report immediately afterwards, they could report most letters of that row. What did this show?
- AIconic memory holds only about four letters, however they are tested
- BHearing a warning tone improves visual perception of nearby letters in general
- CMost of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
- DBriefly seen letters are transferred into long-term memory at once
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
In Kohlberg's theory, a person who judges right and wrong mainly by avoiding punishment is at which level?
- AConventional
- BPre-conventional
- CPost-conventional
- DFormal operational
4.Developmental psychologyHard
The concept of "internal working model" in attachment theory refers to:
- AA plan made by parents for their child's education
- BA computer model of child development
- CThe infant's memory for faces only
- DA mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Asch's impression studies, changing one word in a list of traits from "warm" to "cold" greatly changed the overall impression. This suggests "warm" is a:
- APrimacy cue only
- BStereotype
- CCentral trait
- DPeripheral trait
6.Social psychologyHard
Milgram moved his study from Yale University to a run-down office building. What happened to obedience?
- AIt fell to almost zero
- BIt was exactly the same as at Yale
- CIt fell somewhat but remained substantial
- DIt rose to every participant obeying
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Clozapine is typically reserved for treatment-resistant schizophrenia because:
- AIt can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
- BIt is the least effective antipsychotic available, so it is a last resort
- CIt cannot be taken as tablets
- DIt only works on negative symptoms
8.Clinical psychologyHard
In Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety, which factor maintains the anxiety?
- ALow levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe
- BRepressed sexual impulses from childhood
- CPositive reinforcement from being praised in public, which rewards the anxious behaviour
- DSelf-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Designing a pleasant garden
Why this is the answer
Ill-defined problems lack a clear goal, starting state or set of operators. Well-defined problems, like anagrams or puzzles, have clear rules and a clear solution.
Answer
A · Designing a pleasant garden
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Most of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
Why this is the answer
Whole report gave about four letters, but partial report showed most of any cued row was available, so nearly the whole grid was briefly held. The advantage disappeared when the tone was delayed by about a second.
Answer
C · Most of the display is briefly held but fades before it can all be reported
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Pre-conventional
Why this is the answer
Pre-conventional morality is based on punishment and self-interest; conventional on social rules and approval; post-conventional on universal principles.
Answer
B · Pre-conventional
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: D · A mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences
Why this is the answer
Bowlby proposed that early attachment creates internal models of the self and others that guide expectations and behaviour in later relationships.
Answer
D · A mental representation of relationships based on early attachment experiences
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · Central trait
Why this is the answer
Central traits such as warm and cold shape how other traits are interpreted, while peripheral traits have little effect on the overall impression.
Answer
C · Central trait
6.Social psychology
Answer: C · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
Why this is the answer
Obedience dropped (to just under half) without Yale's prestige, but many still obeyed, suggesting the authority of the experimenter mattered more than the institution.
Answer
C · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
Why this is the answer
Clozapine is effective when other antipsychotics fail, but it can cause a dangerous fall in neutrophils, so patients need regular blood tests.
Answer
A · It can cause agranulocytosis, so regular blood monitoring is required
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
Why this is the answer
Socially anxious people focus on an internal, negative image of themselves and use safety behaviours. These behaviours make them seem odd and stop them learning that feared outcomes rarely happen.
Answer
D · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
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