Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
People verify "A robin is a bird" faster than "A penguin is a bird". This finding supports:
The framing effect is demonstrated when people:
A 9-month-old finds a toy hidden under cloth A several times. The toy is then hidden under cloth B in full view, but the infant searches under A again. This is:
Cross-sectional studies suggested large declines in intelligence after middle age, but Schaie's longitudinal data showed smaller declines. A main reason for the difference is:
In Sherif's autokinetic studies, people judged how far a still dot of light seemed to move. In groups, their estimates converged on a shared norm. This mainly shows:
Moscovici's research showed that a consistent minority can influence a majority mainly through:
A person has distressing symptoms that started two weeks after a serious car crash and have lasted ten days. Which diagnosis is most appropriate?
Which finding best supports the role of serotonin and other monoamines, rather than circumstance alone, in depression?
Answer: A · Prototype theory and graded category membership
The typicality effect shows that category membership is graded. Items close to the prototype are classified faster, which the classical definitional view cannot explain.
Answer: D · Choose differently between identical options described as gains or as losses
In the "Asian disease" problem people prefer the safe option when outcomes are framed as lives saved and the risky option when framed as deaths, although the options are equivalent.
Answer: B · The A-not-B error
Piaget saw the A-not-B error as evidence that object permanence is still incomplete. Other researchers link it to immature memory and inhibitory control.
Answer: C · Cohort effects, such as differences in education between generations
Older cohorts often had less schooling, so cross-sectional comparisons overstate age decline. Longitudinal data separate ageing from generation, though they suffer from attrition.
Answer: A · Informational influence in an ambiguous situation
Because the task was ambiguous, people used others' estimates as information. The group norm persisted when they were later tested alone.
Answer: D · Informational influence leading to private, deeper attitude change
A consistent minority makes the majority think about the issue, producing conversion: private change that may appear later, unlike the public compliance typical of majority influence.
Answer: B · Acute stress disorder
Acute stress disorder covers trauma symptoms lasting from three days to one month after the event. If symptoms persist beyond a month, PTSD may be diagnosed.
Answer: B · Drugs that act on monoamine systems reduce depressive symptoms more than placebo in randomised trials
Antidepressants targeting monoamines outperform placebo on average, though by modest margins. This supports a biological contribution but does not show that low serotonin alone causes depression.
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