1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A friend walking away from you does not seem to shrink, even though their image on your retina gets smaller. This is called:
- ASize constancy
- BLinear perspective
- CFigure–ground organisation
- DShape constancy
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Participants practise retrieving some items from a studied category (e.g. "fruit – orange"). Later, unpractised items from the same category (e.g. "fruit – banana") are recalled worse than items from unpractised categories. This is:
- ARetrieval-induced forgetting
- BRetroactive interference from a new list
- CThe testing effect
- DDecay over time
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
A 1-year-old says "up!" while raising her arms, meaning "Pick me up". A single word used to express a whole idea is called a:
- ATelegraphic sentence
- BMorpheme
- CHolophrase
- DPhoneme
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Cross-sectional studies suggested large declines in intelligence after middle age, but Schaie's longitudinal data showed smaller declines. A main reason for the difference is:
- ACohort effects, such as differences in education between generations
- BCross-sectional studies follow the same people over a long period of time
- CLongitudinal studies always use younger samples
- DIntelligence tests do not work with older adults
5.Social psychologyMedium
Aronson and Mills found that women who went through an embarrassing initiation to join a dull discussion group rated it more positively than those with a mild initiation. This is:
- AEffort justification
- BSocial facilitation
- CThe halo effect
- DThe mere exposure effect
6.Social psychologyHard
Myers and Bishop found that students high in prejudice became more prejudiced after discussing racial issues with similar students, and low-prejudice students became less prejudiced. Which two explanations are usually given?
- ASocial loafing and social facilitation
- BPersuasive arguments and social comparison
- CMatching hypothesis and proximity
- DObedience and agentic state
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
In Ellis's ABC model, what does "B" stand for?
- ABeliefs about the activating event
- BBehaviour that follows the event
- CBackground of the client
- DBodily sensations during stress
8.Clinical psychologyHard
A man says that a famous singer is secretly in love with him and sends him coded messages through her songs. Apart from this, his thinking and behaviour are normal, with no hallucinations. Which diagnosis fits best?
- ADelusional disorder, erotomanic type
- BSchizophrenia, paranoid type
- CBipolar disorder with mania
- DNarcissistic personality disorder
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Size constancy
Why this is the answer
Size constancy keeps the perceived size of an object stable despite changes in retinal image size, by combining image size with perceived distance.
Answer
A · Size constancy
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Retrieval-induced forgetting
Why this is the answer
Anderson and colleagues showed that retrieval practice can inhibit related, competing memories, so remembering can itself cause forgetting.
Answer
A · Retrieval-induced forgetting
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: C · Holophrase
Why this is the answer
In the one-word stage, children use holophrases: single words that carry the meaning of a full sentence, often clarified by gesture and context.
Answer
C · Holophrase
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Cohort effects, such as differences in education between generations
Why this is the answer
Older cohorts often had less schooling, so cross-sectional comparisons overstate age decline. Longitudinal data separate ageing from generation, though they suffer from attrition.
Answer
A · Cohort effects, such as differences in education between generations
5.Social psychology
Answer: A · Effort justification
Why this is the answer
Effort justification is a form of dissonance reduction: people come to value something more when they have suffered or worked hard to get it.
Answer
A · Effort justification
6.Social psychology
Answer: B · Persuasive arguments and social comparison
Why this is the answer
Group polarisation is explained by hearing more arguments supporting the initial view and by comparing oneself with others to appear a good group member.
Answer
B · Persuasive arguments and social comparison
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Beliefs about the activating event
Why this is the answer
In the ABC model, an Activating event leads to emotional Consequences through the person's Beliefs. Changing irrational beliefs changes the consequences.
Answer
A · Beliefs about the activating event
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: A · Delusional disorder, erotomanic type
Why this is the answer
Delusional disorder involves one or more delusions for at least a month without meeting criteria for schizophrenia, and functioning is not markedly impaired apart from the delusion. Erotomanic delusions concern another person being in love with the patient.
Answer
A · Delusional disorder, erotomanic type
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