Introduction to Psychology: cram pack

People recall more words from a list of short words (e.g. "cat, sun") than from a list of long words. The usual explanation is that:

1. AShort words are held in iconic memory as well as acoustically
2. BLong words are processed more deeply and so crowd each other out
3. CLong words cause retroactive interference with earlier items
4. DShort words take less time to rehearse in the phonological loop

In Posner's cueing task, responses are faster after a valid cue and slower after an invalid cue, even when the eyes do not move. This shows that:

1. AAttention always follows the direction of gaze
2. BAttention can shift to a location without moving the eyes
3. CCues have no real effect on how fast targets are processed
4. DPeripheral vision cannot detect targets without eye movement

A 3-year-old hears a new word once, "This is the chromium tray", and later picks out the correct tray. This is called:

1. AOverextension
2. BTelegraphic speech
3. CFast mapping
4. DBabbling

A longitudinal design is preferred over a cross-sectional design when a researcher wants to:

1. AGet results as quickly as possible
2. BCompare different age groups at a single time point
3. CAvoid any participant drop-out
4. DTrack how the same individuals change over time

In Asch's impression studies, changing one word in a list of traits from "warm" to "cold" greatly changed the overall impression. This suggests "warm" is a:

1. APeripheral trait
2. BStereotype
3. CPrimacy cue only
4. DCentral trait

Steele and Aronson found that Black students did worse than White students on a hard verbal test when it was described as a measure of ability, but equally well when it was described as a non-diagnostic task. This shows that:

1. AHard verbal tests are equally difficult for every student
2. BFraming a test can create performance gaps via stereotype threat
3. CThe way a test is described has no effect on how well people perform
4. DAbility differences between groups are fixed and cannot change

In the two-factor model of phobias (Mowrer), how is a phobia maintained?

1. APositive reinforcement of fear by rewards
2. BPunishment of approach behaviour by others, which strengthens the fear itself
3. CThe fear is learned by watching others only
4. DAvoidance reduces anxiety, which negatively reinforces the avoidance

The "scientist-practitioner" (Boulder) model in clinical psychology means that clinicians should:

1. AAvoid research completely
2. BUse research evidence to guide practice and evaluate their own interventions
3. COnly conduct laboratory experiments
4. DPrescribe medication as their main treatment, following psychiatric guidelines closely