Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Two groups study a text. One rereads it; the other takes practice quizzes on it. A week later, the quiz group remembers more. This shows:
Chase and Simon showed chess positions briefly to experts and novices. Experts recalled real game positions much better, but not random positions. This suggests expertise relies on:
A 9-month-old finds a toy hidden under cloth A several times. The toy is then hidden under cloth B in full view, but the infant searches under A again. This is:
Rovee-Collier tied a ribbon from a mobile to infants' ankles so that kicking moved it. Days later, infants kicked more on seeing the same mobile. This shows that young infants:
Deindividuation refers to:
In Reicher and Haslam's BBC prison study, guards did not form a strong shared identity, while prisoners did and challenged the guards. What does this suggest about the Stanford prison experiment?
In suicide risk assessment, which factor is one of the strongest predictors of a future suicide attempt?
Learned helplessness (Seligman) was proposed as a model for:
Answer: C · The testing effect
The testing effect (retrieval practice) shows that actively recalling material produces better long-term retention than passively restudying it.
Answer: D · Chunks of meaningful patterns stored in long-term memory
Experts recognise familiar configurations as chunks, so they can encode more pieces at once. Their general memory capacity is not larger.
Answer: B · The A-not-B error
Piaget saw the A-not-B error as evidence that object permanence is still incomplete. Other researchers link it to immature memory and inhibitory control.
Answer: D · Can retain learned associations over days
The mobile paradigm showed that even young infants remember a learned contingency over time, especially when the test context matches the training context.
Answer: D · Loss of self-awareness and personal responsibility in groups or anonymity
Anonymity and group immersion can reduce self-awareness, making behaviour that violates norms more likely.
Answer: D · Behaviour depends on shared identity, not automatic role-taking
Reicher and Haslam argued that people do not passively accept roles; behaviour depends on whether they identify with their group, supporting social identity theory.
Answer: B · A previous suicide attempt
A history of suicide attempts is among the strongest risk factors. Asking directly about suicidal thoughts does not increase risk and is part of good assessment.
Answer: D · Depression
After uncontrollable aversive events, animals and people may stop trying even when escape becomes possible, resembling the passivity and hopelessness of depression.
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