1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
The idea that the language you speak influences how you think and perceive the world is known as:
- ASemantic priming
- BLinguistic relativity
- CPhonemic restoration
- DUniversal grammar
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Clive Wearing developed severe amnesia after a brain infection and cannot remember events from moment to moment, yet he can still play the piano and conduct music. This shows that:
- AEpisodic memory is needed to perform any skill
- BProcedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
- CMusical skills are stored in short-term memory
- DAll long-term memory depends on a single system
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
According to Piaget, assimilation means:
- AChanging an existing schema to fit new information
- BFitting new information into an existing schema
- CForgetting an old schema
- DCopying the behaviour of a model
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Samuel and Bryant asked children about conservation only once, after the transformation, instead of before and after. Their results showed that:
- AChildren did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
- BNo child could conserve before age 11 in either version of the task
- CThe number of questions asked made no difference to the results
- DChildren did worse than in Piaget's version, so he overestimated them
5.Social psychologyMedium
In Latané and Darley's five-step model of bystander intervention, pluralistic ignorance mainly affects which step?
- AKnowing how to give the right help
- BDeciding whether the costs are worth it
- CNoticing that something is happening
- DInterpreting the event as an emergency
6.Social psychologyHard
In Batson's studies, participants who felt high empathy for a woman receiving shocks offered to take her place even when they could easily leave. This supports:
- AThe empathy–altruism hypothesis
- BThe arousal: cost–reward model
- CThe negative state relief model only
- DKin selection
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Validity scales on the MMPI are designed to detect:
- AWhich therapy will work best
- BThe client's intelligence level
- CBrain damage
- DInconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Research on cultural factors shows that the Japanese syndrome taijin kyofusho mainly involves fear of:
- AThe genitals retracting into the body
- BBeing possessed by spirits
- COffending or embarrassing others through one's appearance or behaviour
- DLosing one's soul after a sudden fright, leading to weakness and loss of appetite
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Linguistic relativity
Why this is the answer
The linguistic relativity (Sapir–Whorf) hypothesis proposes that language shapes thought. The strong version is largely rejected; weaker effects have some support.
Answer
B · Linguistic relativity
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
Why this is the answer
His profound anterograde and retrograde amnesia for episodes, with preserved skills, supports separate memory systems for declarative and procedural knowledge.
Answer
B · Procedural memory can survive severe loss of episodic memory
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Fitting new information into an existing schema
Why this is the answer
In assimilation the child interprets new experiences with existing schemas (calling every animal "dog"); accommodation changes schemas when they do not fit.
Answer
B · Fitting new information into an existing schema
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Children did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
Why this is the answer
With one question, younger children conserved more often, suggesting Piaget's procedure underestimated them because repeated questions implied a change in answer was expected.
Answer
A · Children did better, suggesting the two-question format misled them
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
Why this is the answer
The steps are noticing, interpreting it as an emergency, taking responsibility, knowing how to help and deciding to help. Pluralistic ignorance distorts interpretation.
Answer
D · Interpreting the event as an emergency
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · The empathy–altruism hypothesis
Why this is the answer
Batson argued that empathic concern produces truly altruistic motivation, because empathic participants helped even when escape was easy.
Answer
A · The empathy–altruism hypothesis
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
Why this is the answer
Validity scales flag random responding, faking bad or faking good, so clinicians know whether the clinical scale profile can be interpreted.
Answer
D · Inconsistent, exaggerated or defensive answering
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Offending or embarrassing others through one's appearance or behaviour
Why this is the answer
Taijin kyofusho is a cultural concept of distress in which the person fears that their gaze, odour or appearance will offend others. It shows that culture shapes how anxiety is expressed.
Answer
C · Offending or embarrassing others through one's appearance or behaviour
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