1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
Counting the windows in your house by picturing walking around it mainly uses which working memory component?
- AThe phonological loop
- BThe episodic buffer
- CThe visuospatial sketchpad
- DLong-term procedural memory
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
People judge that more English words begin with K than have K as the third letter, although the reverse is true. Which heuristic explains this?
- AFraming: the question describes the words as a loss
- BAnchoring: the letter K is the first value people are given
- CAvailability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
- DRepresentativeness: K-words look like typical English words
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Habituation in infant research is used to show that babies:
- APrefer their own reflection
- BCan tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
- CAre born with full adult vision
- DBecome drowsy and sleep more when the same stimulus is presented over and over again
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In sociometric studies, how do "rejected" children differ from "neglected" children?
- AThe two groups get exactly the same pattern of nominations
- BRejected children are disliked; neglected ones are rarely named
- CNeglected children are the most actively disliked in the class
- DRejected children are named as liked more often than other children
5.Social psychologyMedium
Which factor reduced obedience most in Milgram's variations?
- AHaving the experimenter wear a lab coat
- BMoving the study to a prestigious university
- CThe experimenter giving orders by telephone
- DIncreasing the shock levels shown on the machine
6.Social psychologyHard
The stereotype content model places groups on two dimensions. Elderly people are often seen as warm but low in competence. Which emotion does the model predict they receive?
- AAdmiration
- BEnvy
- CContempt
- DPity
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has best evidence for:
- ACuring dementia
- BPreventing relapse in people with recurrent depression
- CTreating acute psychosis
- DTreating attention problems in young children with ADHD
8.Clinical psychologyHard
Concordance rates for schizophrenia are higher in identical than in fraternal twins. What does this suggest?
- ATwins are more likely than other siblings to be misdiagnosed by clinicians
- BGenes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
- CThe environment plays no role
- DSchizophrenia is caused entirely by genes
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · The visuospatial sketchpad
Why this is the answer
The visuospatial sketchpad stores and manipulates visual and spatial information, such as a mental image of a building and its layout.
Answer
C · The visuospatial sketchpad
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
Why this is the answer
Tversky and Kahneman showed that ease of retrieval drives frequency judgements. Memory is organised by initial letters, so those examples come to mind more easily.
Answer
C · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
Why this is the answer
When a familiar stimulus is replaced by a new one, a recovery in looking time (dishabituation) shows the infant perceives the difference.
Answer
B · Can tell two stimuli apart because interest returns when the stimulus changes
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Rejected children are disliked; neglected ones are rarely named
Why this is the answer
Rejected children receive many negative and few positive nominations and are at greater risk of later problems. Neglected children receive few nominations of either kind.
Answer
B · Rejected children are disliked; neglected ones are rarely named
5.Social psychology
Answer: C · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
Why this is the answer
Obedience fell to about 20% when the experimenter gave instructions by phone, and also dropped when the learner was close or when peers refused.
Answer
C · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · Pity
Why this is the answer
Fiske and colleagues proposed that warmth and competence combine into emotions: warm and competent gives admiration; warm and incompetent gives pity; cold and competent gives envy; cold and incompetent gives contempt.
Answer
D · Pity
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Preventing relapse in people with recurrent depression
Why this is the answer
MBCT combines mindfulness practice with cognitive therapy. Trials show it reduces relapse in people with three or more previous depressive episodes.
Answer
B · Preventing relapse in people with recurrent depression
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
Why this is the answer
Higher MZ than DZ concordance shows a genetic contribution, while concordance well below 100% means environmental factors are also important.
Answer
B · Genes contribute to the risk, but the environment also matters
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