Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
People recall more words from a list of short words (e.g. "cat, sun") than from a list of long words. The usual explanation is that:
In Treisman's feature integration theory, why is finding a red X among red Os and blue Xs slow?
A teenager drives dangerously, believing "accidents happen to other people, not to me". Elkind called this belief the:
Adolescents take more risks in a driving game when friends are watching, but adults are less affected. Steinberg explains this mainly by:
Exposing people to weak arguments against their view, along with rebuttals, makes them more resistant to later persuasion. This is:
Fischer and colleagues' meta-analysis of the bystander effect found that it was weaker when:
In Beck's cognitive model of depression, the "cognitive triad" consists of negative views about:
Expressed emotion research shows that relapse in schizophrenia is more likely when families show:
Answer: C · Short words take less time to rehearse in the phonological loop
The phonological loop holds roughly what can be said in about two seconds, so more short words than long words can be maintained by rehearsal.
Answer: D · Combining features (a conjunction) requires focused attention to each item
Single features are detected in parallel, but conjunctions of features must be bound with serial, focused attention, so search time increases with the number of items.
Answer: C · Personal fable
The personal fable is the adolescent belief that one's experiences are unique and that one is protected from harm, which may contribute to risk-taking.
Answer: D · Reward systems maturing earlier than prefrontal self-control
The dual systems model proposes that reward sensitivity rises in adolescence, while cognitive control matures more slowly, so peers can push decisions towards risk.
Answer: D · Inoculation theory
McGuire's inoculation theory proposes that small doses of counterarguments motivate people to build defences for their attitudes.
Answer: A · The emergency was clearly dangerous
In dangerous emergencies, the need is obvious and bystanders may also provide physical support, so the reduction in helping caused by others is smaller.
Answer: C · Oneself, the world and the future
Beck proposed that depressed people hold negative views of the self, the world (or experiences) and the future, maintained by cognitive distortions.
Answer: A · High criticism, hostility and emotional over-involvement
High expressed emotion predicts higher relapse rates; family interventions that reduce it lower relapse.
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