Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Encoding specificity means that recall is best when:
In Luchins' water jar problems, after solving several problems with the formula B − A − 2C, many participants kept using it even when a simpler solution (A − C) worked. This shows:
A researcher tests 5-, 10- and 15-year-olds now and then retests the same groups every two years. This design is called:
Main's Adult Attachment Interview found that parents who describe their own childhood in a coherent, balanced way tend to have infants who:
In a variation of Asch's study, participants wrote their answers privately instead of saying them aloud, and conformity dropped sharply. What does this suggest?
A prejudiced person explains an out-group member's kind act as "just luck" or "he was forced to" but explains an out-group member's crime as "that's how they are". This is:
Which personality disorder is marked by instability in relationships, self-image and emotions, together with marked impulsivity?
The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia is supported by the observation that:
Answer: B · The context at retrieval matches the context at learning
Godden and Baddeley showed that recall is better when learning and recall contexts match, because cues present at encoding help retrieval.
Answer: B · A mental set (Einstellung) that hides simpler solutions
Einstellung is a mental set: prior success with one method makes people repeat it and miss easier alternatives. Functional fixedness concerns objects' uses, not methods.
Answer: D · Cross-sequential
A cross-sequential design follows several age cohorts over time, allowing researchers to separate age changes from cohort effects.
Answer: B · Are securely attached in the Strange Situation
Parents classified as "secure-autonomous" on the AAI are more likely to have securely attached infants, consistent with internal working models passing between generations.
Answer: D · Much of the original conformity was normative
Since the lines were unambiguous, conformity in public reflected the wish to fit in. When answers were private, that pressure was removed.
Answer: D · The ultimate attribution error
The ultimate attribution error attributes negative out-group behaviour to disposition and positive out-group behaviour to situational causes, maintaining prejudice.
Answer: B · Borderline personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder involves unstable relationships and identity, affective instability, fear of abandonment, impulsivity and recurrent self-harm. DBT is a well-supported treatment.
Answer: A · Drugs that increase dopamine, such as amphetamines, can trigger psychotic symptoms
Amphetamines can induce psychosis and D2-blocking antipsychotics reduce positive symptoms. Negative symptoms are less well explained, so the hypothesis has been revised.
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