Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
The serial position effect predicts that items in a list are recalled best when they are:
Which concept describes better recall when study sessions are spread out over time rather than crammed?
Shown 7 roses and 3 tulips, a 5-year-old says there are more roses than flowers. Which ability is still lacking?
For a trait, identical twins correlate 0.8 and fraternal twins correlate 0.5. Using Falconer's formula, the rough heritability estimate is:
The fundamental attribution error is the tendency to:
Social loafing in a group shouting task disappeared when participants believed their individual output could be identified. This shows loafing is driven mainly by:
The diathesis–stress model proposes that mental disorders arise from:
A soldier develops PTSD while most comrades exposed to the same battle do not. Which model best explains this difference?
Answer: D · At the beginning and end of the list
Early items benefit from rehearsal into long-term memory (primacy), and the last items are still in short-term memory (recency).
Answer: A · The spacing effect
Distributed practice produces better long-term retention than massed practice. The testing effect (retrieval practice) is a separate, complementary benefit.
Answer: B · Class inclusion
Class inclusion is understanding that a subclass cannot be larger than the class that contains it. Piaget found it is usually mastered in the concrete operational stage.
Answer: A · 0.6
2 × (0.8 − 0.5) = 0.6. The formula assumes both twin types share their environments to the same degree, which may not be fully true.
Answer: C · Overestimate personality and underestimate the situation when explaining others' behaviour
When explaining others' behaviour, people overemphasise dispositional causes and neglect situational pressures.
Answer: C · Reduced evaluation of individual effort
Williams, Harkins and Latané found that identifiability eliminated loafing, suggesting that people loaf when their effort cannot be evaluated.
Answer: A · An underlying vulnerability combined with environmental stress
The model holds that a predisposition (biological or psychological) leads to disorder only when triggered by sufficient stress.
Answer: A · The diathesis–stress model
The diathesis–stress model holds that a stressor causes disorder mainly in people with pre-existing vulnerabilities, such as genetic risk, prior trauma or poor social support.
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