1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A patient can no longer form new long-term memories after brain surgery but remembers events from before the operation. This is called:
- ARetrograde amnesia
- BAnterograde amnesia
- CDissociative amnesia
- DInfantile amnesia
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
People judge that more English words begin with K than have K as the third letter, although the reverse is true. Which heuristic explains this?
- AAvailability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
- BRepresentativeness: K-words look like typical English words
- CFraming: the question describes the words as a loss
- DAnchoring: the letter K is the first value people are given
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
Older adults often prefer spending time with a few close friends rather than meeting new people. Carstensen's socioemotional selectivity theory explains this as:
- AA decline in crystallised intelligence and memory
- BFocusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
- CFear of strangers that grows steadily in later life
- DA gradual loss of social skills that tends to come with increasing age
4.Developmental psychologyHard
In Hughes' "policeman doll" study, most children aged 3½–5 could hide a boy doll where two policemen could not see him. How does this relate to Piaget's three mountains task?
- AIt confirms that young children are fully egocentric
- BIt suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
- CIt shows that children cannot take any other person's viewpoint before about age 7
- DIt shows that conservation develops before age 3
5.Social psychologyMedium
According to equity theory, who is likely to feel uncomfortable in a relationship?
- AOnly the partner who gives more than they get back
- BBoth the over-benefited and the under-benefited partner
- CNeither partner, as long as the total rewards remain high
- DOnly the partner who has fewer alternatives available
6.Social psychologyHard
After choosing between two similarly rated household appliances, participants rated the chosen one higher and the rejected one lower than before. This is called:
- ASpreading of alternatives after a decision
- BThe mere exposure effect for owned items
- CThe sleeper effect in product judgements
- DReactance against the rejected option
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
Which personality disorder is marked by instability in relationships, self-image and emotions, together with marked impulsivity?
- ANarcissistic personality disorder
- BAvoidant personality disorder
- CSchizoid personality disorder
- DBorderline personality disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
In Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety, which factor maintains the anxiety?
- ARepressed sexual impulses from childhood
- BSelf-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
- CLow levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe
- DPositive reinforcement from being praised in public, which rewards the anxious behaviour
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: B · Anterograde amnesia
Why this is the answer
Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after the damage. Retrograde amnesia is loss of memories from before it.
Answer
B · Anterograde amnesia
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: A · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
Why this is the answer
Tversky and Kahneman showed that ease of retrieval drives frequency judgements. Memory is organised by initial letters, so those examples come to mind more easily.
Answer
A · Availability: words are easier to retrieve by first letter
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · Focusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
Why this is the answer
When time horizons shrink, people focus on emotionally satisfying relationships rather than gathering new information or contacts.
Answer
B · Focusing on emotionally meaningful goals as time feels shorter
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: B · It suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
Why this is the answer
When perspective taking is embedded in a meaningful game, many preschoolers succeed, suggesting Piaget's task underestimated young children.
Answer
B · It suggests young children are less egocentric when the task makes sense to them
5.Social psychology
Answer: B · Both the over-benefited and the under-benefited partner
Why this is the answer
Equity theory states that people want the ratio of input to output to be fair. Under-benefited partners feel anger; over-benefited partners feel guilt.
Answer
B · Both the over-benefited and the under-benefited partner
6.Social psychology
Answer: A · Spreading of alternatives after a decision
Why this is the answer
Post-decision dissonance is reduced by increasing the attractiveness of the chosen option and lowering that of the rejected one.
Answer
A · Spreading of alternatives after a decision
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: D · Borderline personality disorder
Why this is the answer
Borderline personality disorder involves unstable relationships and identity, affective instability, fear of abandonment, impulsivity and recurrent self-harm. DBT is a well-supported treatment.
Answer
D · Borderline personality disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
Why this is the answer
Socially anxious people focus on an internal, negative image of themselves and use safety behaviours. These behaviours make them seem odd and stop them learning that feared outcomes rarely happen.
Answer
B · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/introduction-to-psychology