Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
In a lexical decision task, people recognise "nurse" as a word faster after seeing "doctor" than after seeing "bread". This is best explained by:
Evidence that short-term and long-term memory are separate stores comes from patients who:
A researcher tests 5-, 10- and 15-year-olds now and then retests the same groups every two years. This design is called:
Wood and Middleton watched mothers help children build a puzzle. Which strategy was most effective?
Rosenthal and Jacobson told teachers that some randomly chosen pupils were about to "bloom" intellectually. Later, these pupils showed larger IQ gains, especially in the youngest classes. This shows:
In Batson's studies, participants who felt high empathy for a woman receiving shocks offered to take her place even when they could easily leave. This supports:
Which statement about the monoamine hypothesis of depression is most accurate?
Which finding best supports the role of serotonin and other monoamines, rather than circumstance alone, in depression?
Answer: B · Spreading activation in a semantic network
Collins and Loftus proposed that activating a concept spreads activation to related concepts, making them easier to access (semantic priming).
Answer: B · Have impaired long-term learning but normal digit span, and others with the opposite pattern
H.M. had normal short-term memory but could not form new long-term memories, while patient K.F. had poor short-term verbal memory but intact long-term learning: a double dissociation.
Answer: C · Cross-sequential
A cross-sequential design follows several age cohorts over time, allowing researchers to separate age changes from cohort effects.
Answer: B · More help after failure and less help after success
Contingent tutoring adjusts support to the child's performance, keeping the task within the zone of proximal development. It is a key principle of scaffolding.
Answer: B · A self-fulfilling prophecy from teacher expectations
Teachers' expectations seem to have changed how they treated the pupils, which improved performance. This is known as the Pygmalion effect.
Answer: C · The empathy–altruism hypothesis
Batson argued that empathic concern produces truly altruistic motivation, because empathic participants helped even when escape was easy.
Answer: A · It links depression to low monoamine activity but struggles to explain the delayed drug response
The hypothesis grew from the effects of drugs on monoamines. The delay of several weeks before benefit suggests that downstream changes, such as receptor adaptation, matter too.
Answer: D · Drugs that act on monoamine systems reduce depressive symptoms more than placebo in randomised trials
Antidepressants targeting monoamines outperform placebo on average, though by modest margins. This supports a biological contribution but does not show that low serotonin alone causes depression.
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