1.Cognitive psychologyMedium
A strategy that breaks a problem into subgoals, each reducing the difference between the current state and the goal, is called:
- ATrial and error
- BIncubation
- CMeans–end analysis
- DInsight
Introduction to Psychology: cram pack
Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 8 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
1Practice problems
2.Cognitive psychologyHard
Gick and Holyoak gave participants a story about an army attacking a fortress from many sides, then Duncker's radiation problem. What did they find?
- ANobody could solve the radiation problem, even with a hint
- BAlmost everyone used the analogy without needing any hint
- CFew used the analogy until told the story might help
- DThe story made the radiation problem harder to solve
3.Developmental psychologyMedium
The Sally–Anne task is used to test whether a child has:
- ATheory of mind
- BSecure attachment
- CObject permanence
- DConservation of number
4.Developmental psychologyHard
Which finding is a major criticism of Piaget's formal operational stage?
- AMany adults do not reason formally, and it depends on schooling
- BAdolescents cannot think abstractly at all, even with specific training
- CFormal operations usually appear before concrete operations
- DMost children reach formal operations by about age 5
5.Social psychologyMedium
Which factor reduced obedience most in Milgram's variations?
- AHaving the experimenter wear a lab coat
- BMoving the study to a prestigious university
- CIncreasing the shock levels shown on the machine
- DThe experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Social psychologyHard
Milgram moved his study from Yale University to a run-down office building. What happened to obedience?
- AIt rose to every participant obeying
- BIt was exactly the same as at Yale
- CIt fell to almost zero
- DIt fell somewhat but remained substantial
7.Clinical psychologyMedium
A patient feels intense anxiety about having a serious illness despite having few or no bodily symptoms and repeated normal tests. Which diagnosis fits best?
- AFunctional neurological symptom disorder
- BFactitious disorder
- CIllness anxiety disorder
- DSomatic symptom disorder
8.Clinical psychologyHard
In Clark and Wells' cognitive model of social anxiety, which factor maintains the anxiety?
- APositive reinforcement from being praised in public, which rewards the anxious behaviour
- BSelf-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
- CLow levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe
- DRepressed sexual impulses from childhood
2Solutions
1.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Means–end analysis
Why this is the answer
Means–end analysis compares the current state with the goal and picks actions that reduce the gap, setting subgoals when a direct step is not possible.
Answer
C · Means–end analysis
2.Cognitive psychology
Answer: C · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
Why this is the answer
Analogical transfer often fails because people do not notice the deep structural similarity between problems with different surface features. A hint greatly increased transfer.
Answer
C · Few used the analogy until told the story might help
3.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Theory of mind
Why this is the answer
Passing the false-belief task shows the child understands others can hold beliefs that differ from reality, usually around age 4.
Answer
A · Theory of mind
4.Developmental psychology
Answer: A · Many adults do not reason formally, and it depends on schooling
Why this is the answer
Research shows that formal reasoning is far from universal and is strongly linked to schooling and cultural experience, so it is not an automatic stage.
Answer
A · Many adults do not reason formally, and it depends on schooling
5.Social psychology
Answer: D · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
Why this is the answer
Obedience fell to about 20% when the experimenter gave instructions by phone, and also dropped when the learner was close or when peers refused.
Answer
D · The experimenter giving orders by telephone
6.Social psychology
Answer: D · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
Why this is the answer
Obedience dropped (to just under half) without Yale's prestige, but many still obeyed, suggesting the authority of the experimenter mattered more than the institution.
Answer
D · It fell somewhat but remained substantial
7.Clinical psychology
Answer: C · Illness anxiety disorder
Why this is the answer
Illness anxiety disorder involves preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness with minimal somatic symptoms. Somatic symptom disorder centres on distressing symptoms and excessive thoughts about them.
Answer
C · Illness anxiety disorder
8.Clinical psychology
Answer: B · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
Why this is the answer
Socially anxious people focus on an internal, negative image of themselves and use safety behaviours. These behaviours make them seem odd and stop them learning that feared outcomes rarely happen.
Answer
B · Self-focused attention and safety behaviours that prevent disconfirmation of fears
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