IV Fluids and Fluid Balance: cram pack

Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 4 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.

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1Formulas and methods

IV fluids & fluid balance

Holliday–Segar per hour
4 mL/kg (first 10 kg) + 2 mL/kg (next 10 kg) + 1 mL/kg (each kg above 20)
Holliday–Segar per day
100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg for the same bands
Fluid balance
intake − output
Ice chips
count as half their volume
Urine output
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
Infusion time
time (h) = volume left (mL) / rate (mL/h)
Volume infused
mL = rate × time

IV infusion rates

Pump rate
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
Drip rate
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
Infusion time
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

Method

  1. Pump rate in mL/h: volume divided by time in hours.
  2. Drip rate in drops/min: volume × drop factor divided by time in minutes.
  3. For time remaining: volume left divided by the rate.
  4. Round as the question or the equipment requires.

2Practice problems

1.IV fluids & fluid balanceMedium
IntakeOutput8-hour shiftjuice150 mLmilk240 mLice chips100 mLIV infusion60 mL/h × 8 hIV antibiotic1 × 100 mLurine500 mLurine300 mL

Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 8-hour shift. The IV infusion ran at the rate shown for the whole shift. Find the total intake I in mL. Count ice chips as half their volume.

juice: 150 mLmilk: 240 mLice chips: 100 mLIV infusion: 60 mL/h × 8 hIV antibiotic: 1 × 100 mL
I = mL
2.IV fluids & fluid balanceHard
1000 mL100 mL/hstart 10:3016:00: ? mL

Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 1000 mL bag was started at 10:30 and runs by pump at 100 mL/h. How many mL V are left in the bag at 16:00?

1000 mL100 mL/h10:30 → 16:00
V = mL
3.IV infusion ratesMedium
500 mL10 gtt/mL5 h? gtt/min

Infuse 500 mL over 5 hours with a giving set of 10 gtt/mL. Find the drip rate R in drops per minute. Round to the nearest whole number.

500 mL5 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
4.IV infusion ratesHard
300 mL60 gtt/mL20 gtt/mint = ? h

A drip runs at 20 gtt/min through a set of 60 gtt/mL. There are 300 mL left in the bag. How many hours t until it is empty?

20 gtt/min60 gtt/mL300 mL
t = h

3Solutions

1.IV fluids & fluid balance

Answer: I = 1020 mL

Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.

Add the intake

oral: 150 + 240 = 390 mL
ice chips: 100/2 = 50 mL
IV infusion: 60·8 = 480 mL
IV antibiotic: 1·100 = 100 mL
I = 1020 mL

Answer

I = 1020 mL
2.IV fluids & fluid balance

Answer: V = 450 mL

Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.

Elapsed time

10:30 → 16:00 = 5.5 h

Volume infused

100·5.5 = 550 mL

Volume left

V = 1000 − 550 = 450 mL

Answer

V = 450 mL
3.IV infusion rates

Answer: R = 17 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

Time in minutes

5·60 = 300 min

Drip rate

R = 500·10/300 = 16.67 ≈ 17 gtt/min

Answer

R = 17 gtt/min

At the bedside you round to the nearest whole drop: 17 gtt/min.

4.IV infusion rates

Answer: t = 15 h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

Rate in mL/h

20·60/60 = 20 mL/h

Time left

t = 300/20 = 15 h

Answer

t = 15 h

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