Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which advice about screen use reflects common paediatric guidance for children under about 18 months?
A 10-year-old with suspected appendicitis has had severe abdominal pain, but it suddenly gets much better. What may this mean?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion of 100 units of regular insulin in 250 mL runs at 20 mL/h. How many units per hour D does the patient receive?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A bag contains dopamine 800 mg in 500 mL. The order is 2 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 100 kg. At what rate R do you set the pump, in mL/h? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 12-hour shift. The patient weighs 90 kg. Find the average urine output U in mL/kg/h. Round to two decimal places.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 500 mL bag runs by pump at 100 mL/h. At 21:30, 300 mL have already been infused. How many hours t until the bag is empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: B · Avoid screen media, apart from video calls with family
Young children learn through face-to-face interaction and play. Guidance such as the American Academy of Pediatrics advises avoiding screens other than video chatting under about 18–24 months, and limited, shared, high-quality viewing after that.
Answer: A · The appendix may have perforated; report it immediately
Sudden relief of pain in appendicitis can indicate perforation, which is followed by peritonitis with worsening pain, fever and rigidity. It needs urgent reporting.
Answer: D = 8 units/h
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: R = 7.5 mL/h
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: U = 1.11 mL/kg/h
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: t = 2 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 2 h 00 min, so the bag runs out at about 23:30.
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