Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 6 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Which advice is best for a baby with mild nappy rash?
How should a child who is still drowsy after a tonsillectomy be positioned?
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). An infusion contains 100 units of regular insulin in 250 mL. The order is 1.5 units/h. Find the pump rate R in mL/h. Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A bag contains dopamine 400 mg in 250 mL. The order is 15 mcg/kg/min for a patient who weighs 88 kg. At what rate R do you set the pump, in mL/h? Round to one decimal place.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). The record shows a patient's intake and output for one 8-hour shift. The IV infusion ran at the rate shown for the whole shift. Find the total intake I in mL.
Practice exercise (made-up values, not clinical guidance). A 500 mL bag runs by pump at 75 mL/h. At 18:30, 150 mL have already been infused. How many hours t until the bag is empty? Round to one decimal place.
Answer: D · Change nappies often, clean gently, use a barrier cream and allow nappy-free time
Keeping the skin clean and dry with frequent changes, gentle cleaning with water, a barrier cream and nappy-free time helps nappy rash heal. Perfumed products and talc can irritate the skin; a rash that persists may be a candidal infection.
Answer: D · On the side or semi-prone, so secretions can drain from the mouth
Until fully awake, the child lies on the side or semi-prone so that blood and secretions drain from the mouth rather than being swallowed or inhaled. Once awake, a more upright position is comfortable.
Answer: R = 3.8 mL/h
Heparin and insulin infusions: concentration = units in the bag/bag volume (units/mL). Pump rate (mL/h) = units per hour/concentration, and units per hour = mL/h × concentration. For a weight-based order, units/h = units/kg/h × weight first. A bolus volume = units needed/vial strength. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: R = 49.5 mL/h
Titrated drips: first find the concentration in mcg/mL (mg × 1000/mL). For a weight-based order, mcg/min = mcg/kg/min × weight. Then mL/h = mcg/min × 60/concentration. Working backwards, mcg/kg/min = mL/h × concentration/(60 × weight). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: I = 1260 mL
Intake and output: intake counts everything that goes in (oral fluids, IV infusions, IV medications and flushes, tube feeds); ice chips count as half their volume. Output counts urine, drains, vomit and other losses. Balance = total intake − total output; a negative balance is a net loss. The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
Answer: t = 4.7 h
Infusion time: time (h) = volume to infuse (mL)/rate (mL/h); use the volume still left in the bag, not the bag size. Volume infused = rate × time. Convert decimal hours to hours and minutes with the fraction × 60 (0.5 h = 30 min, not 50 min). The numbers are for practice only; at the bedside always follow local protocols and have high-risk doses double-checked.
That is about 4 h 40 min, so the bag runs out at about 23:10.
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