Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“The vet told the Lees that their dog was overweight. She advised smaller meals, fewer treats and a longer walk each day.” What can you conclude about the vet’s advice?
Paragraph A argues that hospitals should use more robots for routine tasks to free nurses for patient care. Paragraph B argues that robots cannot replace human comfort and judgement. On which point would both authors most likely agree?
Solve for x: 9x + 1 = 19.
In a 50% off sale, a stethoscope costs $102.5. What was the original price x, in dollars?
Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?
In which part of the small intestine are vitamin B12 and bile salts mainly absorbed?
Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?
Which spirometry finding is typical of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
What is a bacterial endospore?
In an onion root tip, 90 of 100 cells are in interphase and 10 are in mitosis. If the whole cell cycle takes 20 hours, about how long does mitosis last?
An exothermic reaction is at equilibrium. What happens if the temperature is raised?
When water boils, what is overcome?
Which sentence formats the book title correctly?
Which sentence uses “whose” correctly?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The pupils dilate in the dark.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “Prophylactic antibiotics were given before surgery.”
Answer: C · It aims to help the dog lose weight.
The dog was overweight, and smaller meals, fewer treats and more exercise are ways to help it lose weight.
Answer: D · Human nurses play an important role in patient care.
Paragraph A wants to free nurses for patient care, and Paragraph B values human comfort and judgement; both see nurses as important.
Answer: x = 2
Solving equations: do the same thing to both sides until x stands alone. Undo operations in reverse order: first undo addition or subtraction, then multiplication or division. Clear parentheses with the distributive property, a(x + b) = ax + ab, and collect the x terms on one side. Check the answer by substituting it back.
Answer: x = 205 $
Reverse percentages: when a value has already been increased or decreased by a percent, the new value is a percent of the original, not the other way round. After a 20% discount the price is 80% of the original, so original = new price ÷ 0.80. Never add the 20% back on to the new price.
Answer: B · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.
Answer: C · Terminal ileum
The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 (bound to intrinsic factor) and reabsorbs bile salts. The duodenum mainly absorbs iron.
Answer: A · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.
Answer: C · FEV1/FVC ratio below 0.7
Narrowed airways slow expiration, so FEV1 falls more than FVC and the ratio drops below 0.7. In COPD this is not fully reversed by bronchodilators.
Answer: D · A tough, dormant form that survives heat, drying and many disinfectants
Some bacteria, such as Clostridium and Bacillus, form endospores to survive harsh conditions. Spores resist boiling and alcohol, which is why sterilisation methods such as autoclaving are needed to kill them.
Answer: B · 2 hours
10% of the cells are in mitosis, so mitosis takes about 10% of the cycle: 0.10 × 20 h = 2 hours. Interphase takes about 18 hours.
Answer: B · The equilibrium shifts toward the reactants
For an exothermic reaction, heat is like a product. Adding heat shifts the equilibrium backward to absorb it, so the yield of products falls.
Answer: B · Hydrogen bonds between water molecules
Boiling is a physical change: molecules separate from each other, but each H₂O molecule stays intact. Only the intermolecular attractions (mainly hydrogen bonds) are overcome, not the covalent bonds within molecules.
Answer: C · She read To Kill a Mockingbird last summer.
Titles of books are italicised in typed text. Quotation marks are for short works such as poems and articles.
Answer: C · The student whose book was lost asked for help.
“Whose” shows possession. In the other sentences “who’s” or “who is” would be needed, or the possessive is wrongly contracted.
Answer: D · Become wider
To dilate is to widen or open up; pupils dilate to let in more light.
Answer: B · Given to prevent disease
Prophylactic means preventive; prophylactic antibiotics lower the risk of infection after surgery.
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