Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“The old lighthouse keeper climbed the 120 steps every evening to light the lamp, even when his knees ached, because ships depended on him.” What motivates the lighthouse keeper?
“The bakery’s sales rose by 30% after it began selling coffee. The owner wonders whether to start selling sandwiches as well.” What can be reasonably inferred?
The numbers of call-light requests on a unit over 9 nights were 22, 3, 19, 39, 9, 37, 11, 34, 36. What is the median m?
Your first 3 exam scores are 78, 73, 82. What score x do you need on the next exam for a mean of exactly 80 over all 4 exams?
In which part of the nephron does most reabsorption of water and sodium take place?
When a patient stands on the right leg only, the left side of the pelvis drops (positive Trendelenburg sign). Which nerve is most likely damaged?
Where is the heart's natural pacemaker?
Hodgkin and Huxley's classic studies of the ionic basis of the action potential used which preparation?
In disease spread, what is a vector?
A patient is given a large volume of hypotonic IV fluid too quickly. What is the most likely effect on the patient's cells?
What is the name of the molecular compound CO?
Why is incomplete combustion of fuel in a poorly ventilated room dangerous?
Choose the correct word: “Take a deep ___ and hold it.”
Choose the correct pronoun: “She types faster than ___ do.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “Long-term use of some painkillers can cause a stomach ulcer.”
What does the term oophorectomy mean?
Answer: D · A sense of duty to the ships
He climbs despite pain “because ships depended on him”, which shows a strong sense of responsibility or duty.
Answer: A · Adding coffee seems to have helped sales.
Sales rose after coffee was added, suggesting it helped. The passage gives no basis for predicting the effect of sandwiches.
Answer: m = 22
Mean, median, mode and range: the mean (average) is the sum divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value once the values are in order; with an even number of values it is the mean of the two middle ones. The mode is the value that occurs most often. The range is the largest value minus the smallest.
Answer: x = 87
Mean, median, mode and range: the mean (average) is the sum divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value once the values are in order; with an even number of values it is the mean of the two middle ones. The mode is the value that occurs most often. The range is the largest value minus the smallest.
Answer: D · Proximal convoluted tubule
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about two thirds of the filtered sodium and water, plus nearly all glucose and amino acids.
Answer: B · Right superior gluteal nerve
The superior gluteal nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus. If those of the standing (right) leg are weak, the pelvis sags on the opposite, unsupported side.
Answer: A · Sinoatrial node
The SA node depolarises spontaneously at the fastest rate and sets the heart rhythm. The AV node delays the impulse before it spreads to the ventricles.
Answer: B · The squid giant axon
The squid giant axon is up to about 1 mm wide, so voltage-clamp electrodes could be inserted. This showed that sodium inflow and potassium outflow produce the action potential.
Answer: D · An organism that carries a pathogen between hosts
A vector, such as a mosquito, tick or flea, carries pathogens between hosts. Controlling vectors, for example with bed nets, is a key way to prevent diseases like malaria.
Answer: B · Water moves into the cells, and they swell
When the fluid around cells becomes hypotonic, water moves into the cells by osmosis and they swell. In the brain this can be dangerous, which is why hypotonic fluids are given with care.
Answer: C · Carbon monoxide
For molecular compounds, prefixes give the number of atoms: CO has one oxygen, so it is carbon monoxide. "Mono-" is not used for the first element.
Answer: D · It produces carbon monoxide, which binds to haemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport
With limited oxygen, fuels form carbon monoxide (CO) instead of CO₂. CO binds to haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen, so less oxygen reaches the tissues. It is colourless and odourless.
Answer: C · breath
“Breath” (short e sound) is the noun. “Breathe” (long e sound) is the verb, as in “Breathe slowly.”
Answer: A · I
The pronoun is the subject of the understood clause “than I do”, so the subject form “I” is needed.
Answer: A · An open sore
An ulcer is an open sore on the skin or on a mucous membrane, such as the stomach lining.
Answer: A · Surgical removal of an ovary
An oophorectomy is the removal of one or both ovaries.
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