Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“When the coach announced that Sam would start in the final game, Sam’s face lit up.” What does “Sam’s face lit up” mean?
Before 1900, many people believed that diseases were caused by “bad air”. The work of scientists such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch showed that specific microorganisms cause specific diseases. This germ theory changed how doctors prevented and treated illness. Which choice best describes the structure of the passage?
A clinic saw 20 patients in March and 23 in April. What is the percent increase p?
In a 30% off sale, a stethoscope costs $210. What was the original price x, in dollars?
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?
Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia at the start of flexion?
Which cells in the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?
Why is severe hyperkalaemia dangerous for the heart?
Which list puts these human energy sources in order from fastest to use to longest-lasting store?
Parts of a protein chain coil into alpha helices and fold into beta sheets, held by hydrogen bonds. Which level of protein structure is this?
In the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, what does n stand for?
Which of these is a redox reaction?
Which sentence avoids an unnecessary comma?
Which statement about the word “irregardless” is correct for formal writing?
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The footballer had a large contusion on his thigh.”
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: “After the stroke, the patient’s speech was ___, with words running into each other.”
Answer: C · Sam looked very happy.
“Someone’s face lit up” is an expression meaning someone suddenly looks happy. Starting in the final would be good news for Sam.
Answer: D · An old idea, the evidence that replaced it, and its effect
The passage moves from an old belief, to the scientific work that replaced it, to the effect of the new theory.
Answer: p = 15 %
Percent means per hundred: p% of a number is (p/100) × the number. To find what percent A is of B, divide A by B and multiply by 100. A percent change compares the change with the original value: percent change = (new − original)/original × 100.
Answer: x = 300 $
Reverse percentages: when a value has already been increased or decreased by a percent, the new value is a percent of the original, not the other way round. After a 20% discount the price is 80% of the original, so original = new price ÷ 0.80. Never add the 20% back on to the new price.
Answer: B · Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.
Answer: A · Popliteus
At full extension the knee locks by medial rotation of the femur. Popliteus laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia to unlock it so flexion can begin.
Answer: C · Parietal cells
Parietal cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen and G cells secrete gastrin.
Answer: A · It depolarises cardiac cells, inactivating sodium channels and causing arrhythmias
High extracellular potassium makes the resting potential less negative. Many fast sodium channels then become inactivated, slowing conduction and risking fatal arrhythmias.
Answer: D · ATP, then glycogen, then fat
ATP is used directly but is present only in small amounts. Glycogen is broken down quickly to glucose, and fat is the largest long-term store, used mainly during longer activity or fasting.
Answer: B · Secondary structure
Primary structure is the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure is local folding into helices and sheets by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary is the whole 3D shape of one chain, and quaternary is several chains together, as in haemoglobin.
Answer: C · The number of moles of gas
P is pressure, V volume, n the amount in moles, R the gas constant and T the kelvin temperature.
Answer: C · Zn + CuSO₄ → ZnSO₄ + Cu
Zinc goes from 0 to +2 and copper from +2 to 0, so electrons are transferred. In the other reactions every element keeps its oxidation number, so they are not redox.
Answer: B · The patient in room 4 needs a new IV bag.
“The patient in room 4” is the full subject, and nothing should separate it from the verb “needs”.
Answer: B · It is nonstandard; use “regardless” instead.
“Irregardless” combines the negative prefix ir- with the negative suffix -less. Dictionaries label it nonstandard, so formal writing uses “regardless”.
Answer: C · A bruise
A contusion is a bruise caused by a blow that damages small blood vessels under the skin.
Answer: D · slurred
Slurred speech is indistinct speech in which sounds run together, often caused by weak muscles after a stroke.
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