Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“Ella stared at the empty page. The essay was due in an hour, and she had written only her name.” How does Ella most likely feel?
“I have been a nurse for thirty years,” the speaker said, “and I have never seen a team work as hard as this one. Still, hard work cannot replace enough staff.” What is the speaker’s main point?
The ages of the patients seen at a clinic one morning were 19, 9, 19, 11, 16, 19. What is the mode M?
The table shows the number of volunteers at centres A, B and C in 2024 and 2025. What was the mean number of volunteers per year x̄ at centre B over the two years?
Which artery supplies most of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the front of the interventricular septum?
Which muscle "unlocks" the fully extended knee by rotating the femur laterally on the tibia at the start of flexion?
Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis breathes deeply and rapidly. What pattern is expected on the blood gas?
White blood cells called macrophages engulf and digest bacteria. Which organelle would you expect them to have in large numbers?
Plasmids with an ampicillin-resistance gene are mixed with bacteria, which are then spread on a plate containing ampicillin. Why do only a few colonies grow?
Nitric acid (HNO₃) reacts with potassium hydroxide (KOH). Which salt forms?
Gently heating DNA separates its two strands, but each strand stays in one piece. Why?
Choose the correct word: “Yesterday she ___ the tray on the counter.”
Which choice combines the sentences most concisely? “Dr. Chen is a cardiologist. She will speak at the conference.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “Place the patient in the supine position.”
What does the term dermatology mean?
Answer: B · Worried
An essay due in one hour with only a name written would make most people anxious or worried.
Answer: D · The team works hard, but more staff are needed.
The speaker praises the team but argues that effort cannot make up for too few staff. The main point is the need for more staff.
Answer: M = 19
Mean, median, mode and range: the mean (average) is the sum divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value once the values are in order; with an even number of values it is the mean of the two middle ones. The mode is the value that occurs most often. The range is the largest value minus the smallest.
Answer: x̄ = 187.5
Mean, median, mode and range: the mean (average) is the sum divided by the number of values. The median is the middle value once the values are in order; with an even number of values it is the mean of the two middle ones. The mode is the value that occurs most often. The range is the largest value minus the smallest.
Answer: B · Left anterior descending artery
The left anterior descending (anterior interventricular) artery supplies the anterior left ventricle and the anterior two thirds of the septum. Its blockage causes an anterior infarct.
Answer: C · Popliteus
At full extension the knee locks by medial rotation of the femur. Popliteus laterally rotates the femur on the fixed tibia to unlock it so flexion can begin.
Answer: A · Potassium
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.
Answer: C · Low pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
Ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul breathing lowers PaCO₂ as respiratory compensation.
Answer: A · Lysosomes
After a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, lysosomes fuse with the vesicle and their enzymes digest it. Cells that do a lot of digestion therefore have many lysosomes.
Answer: B · Only the bacteria that took up the plasmid can survive
Only a small fraction of bacteria take up the plasmid. The antibiotic kills all those without it, so the colonies that grow are the transformed bacteria. This is how scientists select cells carrying a new gene.
Answer: D · Potassium nitrate, KNO₃
Acid + base → salt + water: HNO₃ + KOH → KNO₃ + H₂O. The K⁺ from the base pairs with the NO₃⁻ from the acid.
Answer: B · The strands are held together by weak hydrogen bonds, while each strand's backbone is covalent
The bases pair across the two strands through hydrogen bonds, which are relatively weak and break on heating. The sugar–phosphate backbone of each strand is held by strong covalent bonds, which stay intact.
Answer: D · laid
“Lay” (to put) has the past tense “laid”. “Lay” is the past of “lie” (to recline), and “lied” means told a lie.
Answer: C · Dr. Chen, a cardiologist, will speak at the conference.
The appositive “a cardiologist” renames Dr. Chen and removes repetition. B is wordy, C changes the meaning and D is a comma splice.
Answer: C · Lying flat on the back, face up
Supine means lying on the back with the face upward.
Answer: A · The study and treatment of the skin
Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin. Dermatitis is skin inflammation.
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