Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
In the 1840s, the doctor Ignaz Semmelweis noticed that many mothers died after childbirth in wards where doctors came straight from performing autopsies. When he required doctors to wash their hands in a chlorine solution, the death rate dropped sharply. What does the passage suggest?
The author writes: “Some readers will say a four-day work week would hurt productivity. Trials in several companies, however, found that output stayed the same while staff were less stressed.” How is the passage structured?
The line graph shows the number of people in a waiting room every 2 hours, from hour 0 to hour 10. By how much Δ did the value change from hour 0 to hour 2? Use a negative number for a decrease.
A cylinder has a radius of 8 ft and a height of 16 ft. Using π ≈ 3.14, find its volume V.
Which part of the adrenal gland secretes adrenaline?
A stab wound cuts the left half of the spinal cord at T10. Which pattern of loss is expected below the lesion?
Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidney?
Which change shifts the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve to the right?
Which structure is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A dihybrid cross gives offspring in a ratio of about 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. What does this suggest?
What feature makes a hydrocarbon an alkene?
Carbon-12 and carbon-14 react in exactly the same way in chemical reactions. Why?
Choose the correct word: “The results were ___ than we hoped.”
Choose the correct verb: “When I arrived, the patient ___ for an hour.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The patient lives in a rural area far from the hospital.”
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: “The nurse gave a ___ explanation that every family member could understand.”
Answer: B · Hand washing reduced the spread of infection to the mothers.
Deaths fell after doctors washed their hands, which suggests that the doctors had been carrying infection from the autopsies to the mothers.
Answer: A · An objection is stated and then answered with evidence.
The author first states a possible objection and then responds with evidence from company trials, a counterargument-and-rebuttal structure.
Answer: Δ = −5
Reading charts and tables: read the title, the categories and the scale first. On a bar chart or line graph, follow the top of the bar or the point across to the vertical axis; every gridline is one step of the scale. A pie chart shows parts of a whole: a sector of p% stands for p% of the total and has an angle of p% of 360°.
Answer: V = 3215 ft³
Perimeter, area and volume: the perimeter is the distance around a shape (rectangle: 2l + 2w). Area is measured in square units: rectangle l × w, triangle ½ × base × height, circle π·r². The circumference of a circle is π·d = 2π·r. Volume is in cubic units: box l × w × h, cylinder π·r²·h. Use the value of π the question gives.
Answer: B · Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla releases adrenaline and noradrenaline in response to sympathetic stimulation. The three zones of the cortex make steroid hormones.
Answer: C · Left-sided weakness and loss of proprioception, right-sided loss of pain and temperature
In Brown-Séquard syndrome the corticospinal tract and dorsal columns are lost on the same side, while the spinothalamic tract, which crosses near entry, causes contralateral pain and temperature loss.
Answer: C · Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
ADH (vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary inserts aquaporin-2 channels, making the collecting duct permeable to water and concentrating the urine.
Answer: C · Higher temperature
Higher temperature, CO₂, H⁺ (lower pH) and 2,3-BPG lower haemoglobin's affinity and shift the curve right, releasing more oxygen to active tissues.
Answer: B · Ribosomes
All cells have ribosomes, a cell membrane, cytoplasm and DNA. Membrane-bound organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are found only in eukaryotes.
Answer: C · Both parents are heterozygous for two genes that assort independently
AaBb × AaBb with unlinked genes gives 9 A_B_ : 3 A_bb : 3 aaB_ : 1 aabb. Linked genes or other parent genotypes give different ratios.
Answer: D · At least one carbon–carbon double bond
Alkenes contain at least one C=C double bond, which makes them unsaturated and more reactive than alkanes. Their general formula is CₙH₂ₙ.
Answer: D · They have the same number of protons and electrons
Isotopes of one element have the same number of protons and therefore the same electron arrangement, which controls chemistry. They differ only in neutrons, which affects mass and nuclear stability.
Answer: A · better
The comparative of “good” is “better”, used with “than”. “Best” is the superlative for three or more.
Answer: C · had been waiting
The past perfect progressive (had been + -ing) shows an action that continued up to another past event, here “when I arrived”.
Answer: C · Countryside
Rural means relating to the countryside rather than towns or cities.
Answer: C · lucid
Lucid means clear and easy to understand. Vague, obscure and convoluted all mean hard to understand.
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