Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
Many people believe that cracking your knuckles causes arthritis. However, several studies have compared people who crack their knuckles with people who do not and found no difference in arthritis rates. What is the author’s main purpose?
“Sugar-free drinks are often advertised as healthy. However, being free of sugar does not mean a drink has any nutrients, and some contain acids that can harm tooth enamel.” What is the author’s main point?
Which fraction or mixed number in lowest terms equals the decimal 0.52? Click it.
Solve for x: 5(x − 5) = x + 35.
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
When a patient stands on the right leg only, the left side of the pelvis drops (positive Trendelenburg sign). Which nerve is most likely damaged?
Besides lowering glucose, insulin moves which ion into cells, an effect used to treat hyperkalaemia?
Which combination of signs is expected in a patient in early hypovolaemic shock after major bleeding?
Why does ice float on liquid water?
A mother with blood type A (genotype Iᴬi) and a father with type B (Iᴮi) have children. Which blood types are possible?
Why is a water molecule polar?
Why is incomplete combustion of fuel in a poorly ventilated room dangerous?
Choose the correct word: “All hospital ___ must complete the safety training.”
Which choice is the best transition? “The treatment was effective. ___, it had several side effects.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The doctor explained the prognosis.”
What does the term osteoarthritis mean?
Answer: B · To correct a common belief using evidence
The author presents a popular belief and then uses study results to show it is not supported.
Answer: B · Sugar-free does not automatically mean healthy.
The author questions the idea that sugar-free means healthy, noting a lack of nutrients and possible harm to enamel. The author does not call them dangerous or praise sugary drinks.
Answer: 13/25
Fractions, decimals and percents are three ways to write the same number. Fraction → decimal: divide the numerator by the denominator. Decimal → percent: multiply by 100 (move the point two places right). Percent → decimal: divide by 100. Decimal → fraction: write the digits over 10, 100 or 1000 (one zero per decimal place) and simplify.
Answer: x = 15
Solving equations: do the same thing to both sides until x stands alone. Undo operations in reverse order: first undo addition or subtraction, then multiplication or division. Clear parentheses with the distributive property, a(x + b) = ax + ab, and collect the x terms on one side. Check the answer by substituting it back.
Answer: B · Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve (roots C3–C5) is the motor supply to the diaphragm. High cervical cord injury above C3 therefore stops spontaneous breathing.
Answer: A · Right superior gluteal nerve
The superior gluteal nerve supplies gluteus medius and minimus. If those of the standing (right) leg are weak, the pelvis sags on the opposite, unsupported side.
Answer: D · Potassium
Insulin stimulates the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase and shifts potassium into cells. Insulin with glucose is therefore used to lower dangerously high plasma potassium.
Answer: C · Tachycardia, cool pale skin and reduced urine output
Baroreceptor-driven sympathetic activation raises heart rate and constricts skin vessels. Reduced renal perfusion, ADH and aldosterone lower urine output.
Answer: C · Hydrogen bonds hold ice in an open, less dense structure
When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock the molecules into an open lattice, which is less dense than liquid water. Floating ice insulates the water beneath, so aquatic life can survive winter.
Answer: A · A, B, AB and O
The crosses give IᴬIᴮ (AB), Iᴬi (A), Iᴮi (B) and ii (O), each with probability 1/4. Both parents carry the recessive i allele, so O is possible.
Answer: A · Oxygen pulls the shared electrons more strongly, and the molecule is bent
The O–H bonds are polar because oxygen is more electronegative. The bent shape means the bond dipoles do not cancel, so oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly positive.
Answer: C · It produces carbon monoxide, which binds to haemoglobin and blocks oxygen transport
With limited oxygen, fuels form carbon monoxide (CO) instead of CO₂. CO binds to haemoglobin far more strongly than oxygen, so less oxygen reaches the tissues. It is colourless and odourless.
Answer: D · personnel
“Personnel” (stress on the last syllable) means the employees of an organisation. “Personal” is an adjective meaning private or belonging to one person.
Answer: C · However
“However” signals contrast. “Therefore” shows a result, “similarly” a likeness and “for example” an illustration.
Answer: B · The likely course and outcome of a disease
The prognosis is the predicted outcome. The diagnosis is the identification of the disease.
Answer: C · A condition of the bones and joints with joint inflammation
Oste/o (bone) + arthr/o (joint) + -itis (inflammation). It is a degenerative disease of the joints and the bone beneath the cartilage.
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