Formula sheets, the key method steps for every topic and 16 practice problems, with full solutions at the back.
“The council says the new bike path will reduce traffic. Local shop owners worry that losing parking spaces will mean fewer customers.” What is the main purpose of the passage?
The author writes: “A famous actor says she uses Glow cream every day, so it must be good for your skin.” Why is this weak evidence?
Solve for x: 5 − 3x = −16.
A cylinder has a radius of 9 cm and a height of 19 cm. Using π ≈ 3.14, find its volume V.
Which is the largest nerve in the human body?
A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?
Which receptor is stimulated when the patellar tendon is tapped in the knee-jerk reflex?
A healthy person stands up quickly after lying down. Which reflex response prevents fainting?
In gel electrophoresis, why does DNA move towards the positive electrode?
A molecule similar in shape to the substrate binds to an enzyme's active site and slows the reaction. How can its effect be reduced?
At 20 °C, about 36 g of NaCl dissolves in 100 g of water. If 50 g of NaCl is stirred into 100 g of water at 20 °C, what happens?
Which statement about a catalyst in a reversible reaction is correct?
Choose the best conjunction: “The road was closed, ___ we took another route.”
What is the function of the underlined word? “The nurse considered the plan risky.”
Choose the meaning of the word in bold: “The study measured the efficacy of the vaccine.”
Choose the word that best completes the sentence: “The new law will ___ the use of tobacco in all public buildings.”
Answer: C · To present two views on the bike path
The passage gives the council’s view and the shop owners’ concern, presenting two sides of the issue.
Answer: C · Fame is not expertise in skin care.
Being famous does not make someone an expert on skin care, and she may be paid to promote it. This is an appeal to a celebrity, not real evidence.
Answer: x = 7
Solving equations: do the same thing to both sides until x stands alone. Undo operations in reverse order: first undo addition or subtraction, then multiplication or division. Clear parentheses with the distributive property, a(x + b) = ax + ab, and collect the x terms on one side. Check the answer by substituting it back.
Answer: V = 4832 cm³
Perimeter, area and volume: the perimeter is the distance around a shape (rectangle: 2l + 2w). Area is measured in square units: rectangle l × w, triangle ½ × base × height, circle π·r². The circumference of a circle is π·d = 2π·r. Volume is in cubic units: box l × w × h, cylinder π·r²·h. Use the value of π the question gives.
Answer: A · Sciatic nerve
The sciatic nerve (L4–S3) leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen and supplies the hamstrings and all the muscles below the knee. Skin on the inner side of the leg is supplied by the saphenous nerve instead.
Answer: C · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.
Answer: D · Muscle spindle
Tapping the tendon stretches quadriceps muscle spindles. Their afferents synapse directly on motor neurons in a monosynaptic reflex that contracts the muscle.
Answer: D · The baroreceptor reflex raises heart rate and vasoconstriction
Blood pools in the legs and pressure falls; baroreceptors fire less, which increases sympathetic and decreases vagal activity within seconds, raising heart rate and vascular tone.
Answer: C · DNA has a negative charge from its phosphate groups
The phosphate groups in the DNA backbone are negatively charged, so DNA moves towards the positive electrode. Small fragments move through the gel more easily than large ones.
Answer: C · By adding much more substrate
A competitive inhibitor occupies the active site. Raising the substrate concentration makes it more likely that substrate, not inhibitor, binds.
Answer: D · About 36 g dissolves and about 14 g stays undissolved
Only up to the solubility limit (about 36 g per 100 g water) can dissolve. The rest, about 14 g, stays as solid, and the solution above it is saturated.
Answer: C · It speeds up both directions equally
A catalyst does not change where the equilibrium lies; it only lets both reactions reach it sooner and is not consumed.
Answer: C · so
“So” shows a result. “But” shows contrast, and “or” and “nor” show alternatives.
Answer: C · Object complement
“Risky” follows the direct object “the plan” and describes it, so it is an object complement. A subject complement follows a linking verb.
Answer: C · Ability to produce the intended effect
Efficacy is the power of a treatment to produce the result it is meant to produce.
Answer: D · prohibit
To prohibit is to forbid by law or rule. Promote and permit mean the opposite.
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