1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which layer of the heart wall contains the cardiac muscle?
- AMyocardium
- BEndocardium
- CPericardium
- DEpicardium
2.Human anatomyHard
A tumour at the apex of the lung causes drooping of the eyelid, a small pupil and loss of sweating on the same side of the face. Which pathway is disrupted?
- ACervical sympathetic chain
- BParasympathetic fibres of the vagus
- COculomotor nerve
- DFacial nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why is the oxygen–haemoglobin dissociation curve S-shaped?
- ABinding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
- BRed cells change size as they take up oxygen
- COxygen dissolves better in plasma at high partial pressure
- DHaemoglobin can bind only one oxygen molecule
4.Human physiologyHard
Which mechanism mainly creates the concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney?
- AADH acting on the descending limb
- BGlomerular filtration
- CSecretion of urea into the proximal tubule
- DThe countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
A solution of pH 4 is compared with a solution of pH 6. How many times more hydrogen ions does the pH 4 solution have?
- A10 times
- B2 times
- C100 times
- D20 times
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Why do cells get far more ATP from glucose when oxygen is present than when it is absent?
- AWithout oxygen only glycolysis runs, giving a net of 2 ATP per glucose
- BWithout oxygen the Krebs cycle runs faster but makes less ATP
- CWithout oxygen, glucose cannot enter the cell or be broken down at all
- DOxygen itself is converted into ATP in the mitochondria
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Why must temperatures be in kelvin in gas law calculations?
- ACelsius can only be used for liquids
- BGas volume and pressure are proportional to the absolute temperature
- CThe kelvin scale has smaller degrees, which gives more precise answers
- DKelvin values are always below 100
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
What is the oxidation number of manganese in potassium permanganate, KMnO₄?
- A+4
- B+7
- C−1
- D+1
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Myocardium
Why this is the answer
The myocardium is the thick muscular middle layer. The endocardium lines the chambers and the epicardium covers the outside.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Cervical sympathetic chain
Why this is the answer
This is Horner's syndrome: ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis from interruption of sympathetic fibres, here by an apical (Pancoast) tumour pressing on the sympathetic chain.
A · Cervical sympathetic chain
3.Human physiology
Answer: A · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
Why this is the answer
Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding: each bound O₂ increases the affinity of the remaining sites, giving a sigmoid curve.
A · Binding of one oxygen makes the next bind more easily
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle
Why this is the answer
The ascending limb actively transports NaCl into the interstitium without letting water follow, and the countercurrent flow multiplies this into a steep gradient that ADH then uses to concentrate urine.
D · The countercurrent multiplier of the loop of Henle
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · 100 times
Why this is the answer
The pH scale is logarithmic. A difference of 2 pH units means 10 × 10 = 100 times more hydrogen ions in the more acidic solution.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: A · Without oxygen only glycolysis runs, giving a net of 2 ATP per glucose
Why this is the answer
Glycolysis gives a net of 2 ATP. With oxygen, pyruvate is fully oxidised in the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain, which make many more ATP. Without oxygen these stages stop, and fermentation only recycles NAD⁺ so that glycolysis can continue.
A · Without oxygen only glycolysis runs, giving a net of 2 ATP per glucose
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Gas volume and pressure are proportional to the absolute temperature
Why this is the answer
Gas volume and pressure are proportional to temperature measured from absolute zero. Celsius values can be zero or negative, which would give impossible answers in the ratios.
B · Gas volume and pressure are proportional to the absolute temperature
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · +7
Why this is the answer
(+1) + Mn + 4(−2) = 0, so 1 + Mn − 8 = 0 and Mn = +7. Permanganate is a strong oxidising agent.
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