1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which is the outermost layer of the meninges?
- AArachnoid mater
- BPia mater
- CDura mater
- DChoroid plexus
2.Human anatomyHard
A patient with a large aneurysm of the aortic arch develops hoarseness. Which nerve is most likely compressed?
- ALeft recurrent laryngeal nerve
- BLeft phrenic nerve
- CExternal laryngeal nerve
- DRight recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiologyMedium
During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed while ventricular pressure rises?
- ARapid ejection
- BAtrial systole
- CRapid filling
- DIsovolumetric contraction
4.Human physiologyHard
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis breathes deeply and rapidly. What pattern is expected on the blood gas?
- ALow pH, normal bicarbonate and high PaCO₂
- BHigh pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
- CLow pH, high bicarbonate and high PaCO₂
- DLow pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What does Mendel's law of segregation state?
- ADominant alleles are more common in a population than recessive ones
- BGenes on different chromosomes are always inherited together
- CThe two alleles of a gene separate so each gamete gets only one
- DEach gamete receives both alleles of every gene
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
In a family, a trait appears mostly in males. Affected men have daughters who are unaffected, but some of these daughters have affected sons. Which pattern fits best?
- AAutosomal dominant
- BX-linked recessive
- CAutosomal recessive with equal sexes
- DY-linked
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
How should the volume of water in a graduated cylinder be read?
- AFrom above the cylinder, at the top edge of the curved surface
- BAt eye level, from the bottom of the curved surface (meniscus)
- CFrom below, at the highest point the water touches the glass
- DAt any angle, from the middle of the cylinder
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Under which conditions does a real gas behave least like an ideal gas?
- ALow pressure and low volume of particles
- BHigh temperature and large container
- CHigh pressure and low temperature
- DLow pressure and high temperature
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: C · Dura mater
Why this is the answer
From outside in the meninges are dura, arachnoid and pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid flows in the subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Why this is the answer
The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch beside the ligamentum arteriosum. It supplies most laryngeal muscles, so compression causes hoarseness.
A · Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Isovolumetric contraction
Why this is the answer
After the AV valves close, the ventricles contract against closed semilunar valves. Pressure rises with no volume change until the aortic and pulmonary valves open.
D · Isovolumetric contraction
4.Human physiology
Answer: D · Low pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
Why this is the answer
Ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul breathing lowers PaCO₂ as respiratory compensation.
D · Low pH, low bicarbonate and low PaCO₂
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The two alleles of a gene separate so each gamete gets only one
Why this is the answer
During meiosis the two alleles of each gene separate, so each gamete carries one allele. At fertilisation, the offspring receives one allele from each parent.
C · The two alleles of a gene separate so each gamete gets only one
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · X-linked recessive
Why this is the answer
An affected father gives his X to every daughter, making them carriers who usually show no signs. Each carrier daughter can pass the allele to half of her sons. Y-linked traits pass from father to son, which is not seen here.
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · At eye level, from the bottom of the curved surface (meniscus)
Why this is the answer
Water forms a concave meniscus. The reading is taken at the bottom of the curve with the eye level with the surface, which avoids parallax error.
B · At eye level, from the bottom of the curved surface (meniscus)
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · High pressure and low temperature
Why this is the answer
At high pressure the particles are close, so their own volume matters; at low temperature they move slowly, so attractions matter. Both break the ideal gas assumptions.
C · High pressure and low temperature
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