1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which part of the brain is chiefly responsible for coordination and balance?
- ACerebellum
- BThalamus
- CHypothalamus
- DMedulla oblongata
2.Human anatomyHard
In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta. What does it become after birth?
- ALigamentum arteriosum
- BFossa ovalis
- CLigamentum venosum
- DLigamentum teres
3.Human physiologyMedium
According to Poiseuille's law, if the radius of an arteriole halves, its resistance to flow:
- AIncreases 4-fold
- BIncreases about 16-fold
- CDoubles
- DHalves
4.Human physiologyHard
Why does breathing 100% oxygen correct hypoxaemia from a true right-to-left shunt only poorly?
- AThe shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
- BShunted blood is already fully saturated
- CPure oxygen damages haemoglobin
- DThe extra oxygen is all exhaled as CO₂
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which process removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere?
- ABurning fossil fuels
- BPhotosynthesis
- CDecomposition
- DCellular respiration
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
Fertiliser washes from farmland into a lake. Algae grow rapidly, then die, and later many fish die. What is the main cause of the fish deaths?
- AThe fish eat too many algae and become ill
- BBacteria decomposing the dead algae use up the oxygen
- CThe fertiliser is directly poisonous to fish
- DThe algae release carbon dioxide that poisons fish
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the conjugate base of nitric acid, HNO₃?
- AHNO₂
- BNO₂⁻
- CNO₃⁻
- DH₂NO₃⁺
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
How many grams of NaCl are in 250 mL of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline?
- A0.9 g
- B2.25 g
- C22.5 g
- D9 g
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Cerebellum
Why this is the answer
The cerebellum fine-tunes movement, posture and balance. Damage causes ataxia and an unsteady gait.
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Ligamentum arteriosum
Why this is the answer
The ductus arteriosus closes after birth and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum. The foramen ovale becomes the fossa ovalis and the ductus venosus becomes the ligamentum venosum.
A · Ligamentum arteriosum
3.Human physiology
Answer: B · Increases about 16-fold
Why this is the answer
Resistance is proportional to 1/r⁴, so halving the radius raises resistance by 2⁴ = 16. This is why small changes in arteriole diameter control blood flow so strongly.
B · Increases about 16-fold
4.Human physiology
Answer: A · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
Why this is the answer
Shunted blood bypasses ventilated alveoli and mixes deoxygenated blood into arterial blood. Extra inspired oxygen cannot reach it, unlike in V/Q mismatch or hypoventilation.
A · The shunted blood never comes into contact with alveolar gas
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Photosynthesis
Why this is the answer
Plants, algae and some bacteria take in CO₂ during photosynthesis and build it into sugars. Respiration, combustion and decomposition all release CO₂.
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · Bacteria decomposing the dead algae use up the oxygen
Why this is the answer
This is eutrophication. Extra nutrients cause an algal bloom. When the algae die, bacteria decompose them and use large amounts of dissolved oxygen, so fish suffocate.
B · Bacteria decomposing the dead algae use up the oxygen
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · NO₃⁻
Why this is the answer
A conjugate base is what remains after an acid donates a proton: HNO₃ → H⁺ + NO₃⁻. The nitrate ion is the conjugate base.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: B · 2.25 g
Why this is the answer
0.9 g per 100 mL × 250 mL = 0.9 × 2.5 = 2.25 g. A full 1 L bag would contain 9 g.
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