1Formulas and methods
Biology for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Name the topic of the question: cell parts, transport, division, DNA and protein synthesis, inheritance, biomolecules, microorganisms or experimental design.
- Recall the key rule: A–T and G–C, diffusion from high to low, water moves towards more solute, mitosis keeps and meiosis halves the chromosome number.
- For crosses, write the parents’ genotypes, list the gametes and fill a Punnett square before counting.
- For experiments, label the independent, dependent and controlled variables, and ask whether the evidence supports or only suggests the conclusion.
- Check each option against the question asked, not just whether it is a true statement.
Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Method
- Identify what is given and asked: particles, a formula, a state change, a concentration, a pH or a mass.
- Use the periodic table: the atomic number gives protons, the group gives valence electrons and the usual ion charge.
- Balance equations with coefficients only, element by element, oxygen and hydrogen last.
- For amounts, go mass → moles → mole ratio → moles → mass, and for solutions use M = mol/L and C₁V₁ = C₂V₂.
- Remember that pH is logarithmic: one unit is a factor of 10.
2Practice problems
1.Human anatomyMedium
Which type of epithelium lines most of the trachea?
- APseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- BTransitional epithelium
- CStratified squamous epithelium
- DSimple cuboidal epithelium
2.Human anatomyHard
A footballer takes a blow to the outside of the planted knee. Which combination of injuries is classically called the "unhappy triad"?
- AAnterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
- BPosterior cruciate ligament, lateral collateral ligament and lateral meniscus
- CMedial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament and patella
- DAnterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament and patellar ligament
3.Human physiologyMedium
Why can cardiac muscle not be tetanised like skeletal muscle?
- AIt has no calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
- BIt is not striated
- CIt is controlled only by hormones
- DIts long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiologyHard
Constriction of the efferent arteriole of a glomerulus, with the afferent arteriole unchanged, tends to:
- ALower glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- BRaise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
- CStop filtration completely
- DHave no effect on GFR at all
5.Biology for nursing entrance examsMedium
What is the job of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
- ATo copy the DNA a second time before mitosis
- BTo speed up division whenever the cell is short of nutrients or space
- CTo stop the cycle if the DNA is damaged or the cell is not ready
- DTo join the two daughter cells back together
6.Biology for nursing entrance examsHard
After a meal, blood glucose rises. Which response brings it back to normal?
- AThe pancreas releases glucagon, and the liver releases glucose
- BThe liver stops storing glycogen and releases more glucose
- CThe pancreas releases insulin, and cells take up glucose
- DThe kidneys release insulin into the urine
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsMedium
Which coefficients balance __KClO₃ → __KCl + __O₂?
- A1, 1, 3
- B1, 1, 1
- C2, 1, 3
- D2, 2, 3
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance examsHard
Many ethene (C₂H₄) molecules join together to form poly(ethene), a plastic. What type of reaction is this?
- AHydrolysis, in which water breaks each monomer apart
- BCondensation polymerisation, in which a water molecule is released at each new link
- CAddition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
- DCombustion, in which ethene reacts with oxygen
3Solutions
1.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Why this is the answer
Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells. Mucus traps particles and cilia move it up towards the pharynx.
A · Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2.Human anatomy
Answer: A · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
Why this is the answer
A valgus force with rotation tears the MCL, the ACL and the medial meniscus, which is firmly attached to the MCL.
A · Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus
3.Human physiology
Answer: D · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
Why this is the answer
The plateau of the cardiac action potential gives a long refractory period, so the muscle relaxes before it can be excited again. This allows the heart to refill.
D · Its long refractory period lasts almost as long as the contraction
4.Human physiology
Answer: B · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
Why this is the answer
Efferent constriction holds blood in the glomerulus, raising its pressure and GFR. Angiotensin II acts this way, which is why ACE inhibitors can lower GFR.
B · Raise glomerular capillary pressure and GFR
5.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · To stop the cycle if the DNA is damaged or the cell is not ready
Why this is the answer
Checkpoints check things such as DNA damage and correct spindle attachment. If there is a problem, the cycle pauses for repair or the cell undergoes apoptosis. Faulty checkpoints can lead to cancer.
C · To stop the cycle if the DNA is damaged or the cell is not ready
6.Biology for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · The pancreas releases insulin, and cells take up glucose
Why this is the answer
High glucose stimulates the beta cells of the pancreas to secrete insulin. Insulin helps cells take up glucose and the liver store it as glycogen, so blood glucose falls. Glucagon does the opposite when glucose is low.
C · The pancreas releases insulin, and cells take up glucose
7.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: D · 2, 2, 3
Why this is the answer
The lowest common multiple of 3 and 2 is 6, so use 2KClO₃ (6 O) and 3O₂ (6 O). Then 2KCl balances K and Cl: 2KClO₃ → 2KCl + 3O₂.
8.Chemistry for nursing entrance exams
Answer: C · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
Why this is the answer
In addition polymerisation, the C=C double bond in each monomer opens and the monomers join into a long chain with nothing else formed. Condensation polymers, such as proteins, release water.
C · Addition polymerisation, in which the C=C double bonds open up to link the monomers
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